Study of CS essential oil and Formulation of mouthwash. Chemical characterization, cytotoxicity, and antimicrobial potentia, effect on the properties of Dental Materials aesthetic.

Alguns estudos têm sido realizados sobre a associação de materiais restauradores odontológicos e soluções antissépticas, pois, em especial a clorexidina (CHX), além dos benefícios apresenta efeitos colaterais. Assim tornam-se necessários estudos de soluções alternativas tão eficazes quanto à CHX, porém sem os efeitos colaterais destas. Neste anseio, foi que se pesquisou Casearia sylvestris (CS) que é uma planta medicinal que oferece benefícios, mas, no entanto, pouco se sabe sobre o efeito desta sobre materiais restauradores estéticos (MRE) e algumas dúvidas permanecem sobre seu potencial antimicrobiano e sua toxidade sobre células. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as propriedades biológicas do óleo essencial (OE) de CS e o efeito deste sobre MRE. Assim, o OE foi obtido por hidrodestilação e caracterizado por Cromatografia a gás acoplada a Espectrometria de massas (CG-EM) e os valores de concentração inibitória e bactericida mínimas foram determinados pelo método de microdiluição frente às espécies Streptococcus (mutans, mitis, sanguinis e salivarius) e Enterococcus faecalis. Avaliou-se também a citotoxidade do OE de CS e da formulação de enxaguatório bucal contendo o OE bioativo em fibroblastos de camundongos. Para a avaliação da rugosidade superficial (RS), cor, microdureza superficial (MS) e a análise qualitativa da superfície (Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura - MEV) dos MRE submetidos às soluções em estudo, foram confeccionados 60 espécimes (n=10), 30 de cada MRE (resina composta e cimento de ionômero de vidro modificado por resina- CIV), os quais foram subdivididos em 3 grupos para serem submetidos: G1 - CHX, G2 - enxaguatório experimental a base do OE de CS e G3 - Água destilada. As leituras foram realizadas com os aparelhos adequados para cada um dos ensaios, após o polimento dos espécimes e após 24h do término do período experimental. Os resultados obtidos foram avaliados de acordo com os Conceitos da Estatística Clássica, após análise exploratória dos dados. O rendimento do OE obtido foi 0,85mL/100g folhas secas; os constituintes majoritários detectados e identificados no OE foram o β-cariofileno, germacreno-D, biciclogermacreno, δ-cadideno, óxido de cariofileno, espatulenol e α-elemol; o OE e a formulação de enxaguatório desenvolvida apresentaram atividade antimicrobiana significativa frente aos micro-organismos testados, exceto para o OE contra Enterococcus faecalis; o OE nas diferentes concentrações testadas e a formulação de enxaguatório apresentaram citotoxidade frente a fibroblastos gengivais L929 menor estatisticamente que a CHX; a citotoxidade do OE é tempodependente; a formulação desenvolvida proporcionou maior alteração de cor para a resina Z250 do que a CHX e a água destilada, sendo essa mudança em função do Tempo nos parâmetros de cor (L*, a* e b*) analisados isoladamente, enquanto que para o CIV não houve diferença estatisticamente significante para a cor sob as diferentes soluções testadas; as soluções em estudo não tiveram efeito significante sobre a RS da resina composta, enquanto que para o CIV houve um aumento estatisticamente significante na RS quando o mesmo foi submetido a CHX; não houve diferença estatisticamente significante na MS de ambos os MRE testados; e o MEV mostrou deteriorações superficiais principalmente nos corpos de prova de CIV submetidos a CHX.Researches has been developed associating dental material and mouthwashes, due to the side effects caused presenting in the products, especially chlorhexidine (CHX). Therefore, it becomes necessary studies involving alternative solutions containing the CHX efficacy, but without its collateral effects. Regarding to this, it was studied the specie Casearia sylvestris (CS), a medicinal plant with confirmed benefits, although its effect on dental materials (DM) it is poorly studied (described, talvez fique melhor) and its antimicrobial potencial and cytotoxicity remains controversial. The aim of this study was to evaluate the biological properties of CS essential oil and its effect on DM. The CS essential oil was obtained and characterized through gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration values were determined using the microdilution of Streptococcus species (mutans, mitis, salivarius and sanguinis) and Enterococcus faecalis. It was also evaluated the cytotoxicity on mouse fibroblasts of both essential oil and mouthwash formulation containing the bioactive essential oil. To the superficial roughness, color, superficial microhardness and surface qualitative analysis (Scanning electron microscope SEM) of DM submitted to studied solutions, it was prepared 60 specimens (n = 10), 30 of each DM (composite resin, resin modified glass ionomer- CIV), which were subdivided into 3 groups to the submission: G1 - CHX, G2 - mouthwash containing CS essential oil and G3 - distilled water. The lectures were performed with appropriate equipaments(apparatus, acho que fica melhor): posteriorly specimens polishing and 24h after the experimental period end. The obtained results were evaluated according to the classical statistics concepts, after data exploratory analysis. The yield of essential oil obtained was 0.85 mL/100 g dried leaves; the major constituents detected and identified in the essential oil were β-caryophyllene, germacrene-D, bicyclogermacrene, δ- cadideno, caryophyllene oxide, α-and spathulenol elemol; both mouthrinse containing essential oil as the formulation developed showed significant antimicrobial activity against the tested microorganisms, except Enterococcus faecalis; the different concentrations tested of the essential oil and the mouthwash formulation showed statistically lower cytotoxicity against gingival fibroblasts L929 than CHX; cytotoxicity essential oil is time-dependent; the formulation provided higher color change to resin Z250 when compared with CHX and distilled water, and this change occurred in the factor time of all color parameters (L *, a * and b *) when analyzed alone, while to CIV color the difference was not statistically significant for the different solutions studied, there was a statistically significant increase in CIV surface roughness when submitted to CHX, while to composite resin the difference was not statistically significant; there was no statistically significant difference in microhardness of both restorative materials tested, and SEM showed surface deterioration mostly in the specimens submitted to CHX

Influence of in situ association of black tea and chlorhexidine on the color change and surface roughness of composite resins.

O presente estudo avaliou in situ a influência de fatores da dieta associado ao uso de clorexidina na cor e na rugosidade superficial de diferentes resinas compostas (Z250® - 3M-ESPE e Filtek Supreme® - 3M-ESPE). Foram confeccionados 112 corpos-de-prova (6,0x2,0mm) que foram polidos com disco abrasivos Super Snap® (Shofu). O estudo foi constituído por duas fases de 5 dias cada, com um período de washout de 9 dias entre elas. Os corpos-de-prova de cada um dos materiais foram divididos entre 14 voluntários e montados em dispositivo palatino, na região dos pré-molares e molares superiores e instalados nos participantes para a realização dos bochechos e da ingestão do chá em cada uma das fases do experimento. De acordo com sorteio aleatório, metade dos voluntários utilizou, na primeira fase do experimento, solução de gluconato de clorexidina 0,12% (S1) e a outra metade dos voluntários realizou os bochechos com uma solução placebo (S2), de mesma composição da solução original, porém sem adição de gluconato de clorexidina 0,12%. Os bochechos foram realizados 2 vezes ao dia, por 1 minuto, durante 5 dias. Todos os voluntários, após o bochecho com gluconato de clorexidina 0,12% ou placebo ingeriram 200 mL de chá em ambas as fases. Na segunda fase do experimento, os corpos-de-prova foram substituídos por outros e os voluntários foram cruzados quanto à solução, de modo que todos usaram ambas às soluções. As leituras de cor, obtidas através de um colorímetro, e a rugosidade superficial, obtida por meio de um rugosímetro, foram realizadas imediatamente antes da fixação do espécime no aparelho intra-bucal e após 24 horas do término do período experimental. Os dados foram submetidos ao teste ANOVA e Tukey (p≤0,05). Os resultados mostraram que: a) a solução S1obteve maiores médias de alteração de cor (ΔE*) que S2 enquanto que para os outros fatores e interações não houve diferença estatisticamente significante para esta variável; b) todos os fatores e respectivas interações, exceto a interação Solução x Material, sofreram variação de luminosidade (L*) significante estatisticamente; c) todos os fatores e respectivas interações, exceto a interação Material x Tempo, sofreram variação do parâmetro a* significantes estatisticamente; d) o fator Solução quando analisado isoladamente e a interação Tempo x Solução não obtiveram resultados estatisticamente diferentes para o parâmetro b* e; e) para a rugosidade superficial (Ra) apenas o fator Tempo foi estatisticamente significante. Conclui-se que: houve uma maior alteração de cor da resina composta quando se utiliza soluções a base de Clorexidina 0,12%; as resinas estudadas não influenciaram no comportamento da cor quando associado à Clorexidina 0,12% e chá preto; para os parâmetros L* a* e b* os fatores Solução, Material e Tempo tiveram efeito significante, exceto o fator Solução para o parâmetro b*; a utilização de Clorexidina durante 5 dias não influenciou na rugosidade superficial dos materiais estudados e; o tempo teve influencia sobre o aumento da rugosidade superficial.This in situ study evaluated the influence of dietary factors in association with chlorhexidine on the color change (ΔE*) of two composites resins (Z250® - 3M-ESPE and Filtek Supreme® - 3M-ESPE). 112 discs (6.0x2.0mm) were fabricated and polished with Super Snap® discs (Shofu). The specimens were divided among 14 volunteers, and fitted onto intraoral devices and placed in the maxillary premolar and molar positions. Palatal intra-oral acrylic resin appliances were made for each volunteers in the experiment. In each appliance, two specimen of each materials was randomly fixed. This study was composed of two phases of 5 days each, with a washout period of 9 days between them. In the first phase, half of the volunteers chosen by random draw, used a 0.12% chlorhexidine solution (S1) and the other half used a placebo solution (S2). The mouthwashes were performed 2 times a day, for 1 min. each, for 5 days. In the second phase of the experiment, the specimens were replaced by others and the volunteers were crossed on the outcome. In both phases, after mouthwashes with S1 or S2, all volunteers ingested 200 mL of black tea for 10 minutes. The color change of all specimens before and after of the experimental period was measured by a colorimeter and the data were analyzed by two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey´s test (&alpha=.05). Subsequently, the surface roughness (Ra) of the specimens was evaluated using a profilometer, and the data were compared by two-way ANOVA followed by a Tukey multiple comparations test (α=.05). According to ANOVA: a) the S1 solution had the highest means of color change (ΔE*) that S2, while for the others factors and interactions no have statistically significant difference for this variable; b) all the factors and their interactions had significant statistically changes in lightness (L*), except for the Solution x Material interaction; c) all the factores and their interactions had significant statistically changes in parameter a*, except for the Material x Time interaction; d) the solution factor and Time x Solution interaction no had statistica different for the parameter b* and; e) for surface roughness (Ra) only the time factor was statistically significant. It was concluded that: there was an increase in color change of composite resin when using Chlorhexidine 0.12%; the resin did not influence on the color when associated with Chlorhexidine 0.12% and black tea; for parameters L * a * b * Solution, Material and Time factors had significant effect, except for the Solution factor for the parameter b *; the use of chlorhexidine for 5 days did not influence the surface roughness of the materials studied; and the time had a significant influence on increased surface roughness

EFECTO DE DIFERENTES TÉCNICAS DE PULIDO Y REFRIGERACION EN LA RUGOSIDAD SUPERFICIAL DE UNA RESINA COMPUESTA NANOHIBRIDA

El objetivo de este trabajo in vitro fue evaluar la rugosidad superficial de una resina compuesta nanohíbrida (Tetric N Ceram®) utilizando 3 técnicas de acabado superficial, con y sin refrigeración. Materiales y método: Fueron confeccionados 60 especimenes (n=10), obtenidos por medio de una matríz metálica (10 x 2 mm). Los especímenes fueron almacenados durante 24 horas en agua destilada a temperatura ambiente, siendo posteriormente divididos en 6 grupos: G1- astropol + refrigeración, G2-astrobrush + refrigeración, G3- astropol + astrobrush + refrigeración, G4-astropol sin refrigeración, G5-astrobrush sin refrigeración, G6- astropol + astrobrush sin refrigeración. La lectura de la rugosidad superficial (Ra) fue realizada 24 horas luego de los respectivos tratamientos por medio de un rugosímetro marca Mitutoyo, tipo SJ - 201P (Japón). Resultados: Los datos fueron sometidos al test de ANOVA (p?0,05) y demostraron que no existe diferencias estadísticamente significantes entre las diferentes técnicas de pulido y refrigeración. Conclusión: La técnica de pulido y refrigeración no interfiere en la rugosidad superficial, por tanto se debe tener en consideración las demás propiedades físicas de las resinas compuestas y el aspecto biológico del diente. ABSTRACT The study evaluated in vitro the surface roughness in a nanohibrid composite resin (Tetric N Ceram®) polished with the use three polishing techniques with and without refrigeration. Materials and Methods: Sixty discs (n=10), was made with aid of a metal matrix measuring 10 x 2 mm. The specimens were stored in artificial saliva in an oven at 37oC (±1 oC), for 24 hours. After this time the specimens were submitted to action of astropol + refrigeration (G1), astrobrush + refrigeration (G2), astropol + astrobrush + refrigeration(G3), astropol whithout refrigeration (G4), astrobrush whithout refrigeration (G5), astropol + astrobrush whithout refrigeration (G6). The surface roughness (Ra) of the specimens was avaliated after 24 hours using profilometer (Mitutoyo SJ - 201P - Japon). Results: the data were submitted to Analysis of Variance ANOVA (p?0,05) and were no statistically significant differences detected for each technique. Conclusion: The effect polishing techniques and refrigeration not interferance in the surface roughness, but needed consideration of others properties

Influence of different treatments of the ceramic surface and thermal cycling on the bond strength of brackets to ceramic

Abstract Objective To evaluate in vitro the effect of different treatments of the ceramic surface and thermal cycling on the shear bond strength (SBS) of metallic brackets bonded to feldspathic ceramic. Material and method Ceramic cylinders were divided into four groups (n=4) according to the treatment of ceramic surface: G1-Clearfil Ceramic Primer silane and Transbond XT (CCPT); G2-etched with 10% hydrofluoric acid (HFA) for 60 s, CCP and Transbond XT (ACCPT); G3-etched with 10% HFA for 60 s, Ambar Adhesive and Transbond XT (AAAT); and, G4 - etched with 10% HFA for 60 s, RelyX Ceramic Primer silane -RCP, adhesive primer Transbond and Transbond XT (ACPPT). Brackets were bonded to the cylinders with Transbond XT and light-activated for 40 s with LED Radii Plus. All specimens were stored in deionized water at 37 °C for 24 h, and two cylinders from each group were subject to 7,000 thermal cycles in a thermal cycler (5 °C/55 °C). After storage and thermal cycling, the SBS test was performed at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min. Data were subjected to two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc test (α=0.05). Result The SBS of ACCPT was significantly higher than the other groups (p<0.05). The specimens submitted to thermal cycling showed significantly lower SBS than those without thermal cycling (p<0.05), regardless the ceramic surface treatment. The ARI showed predominance of score 0 for all groups. Conclusion Acid etching, CCP silane and Transbond XT method obtained the best results for bracket bonding. Thermal cycling reduced SBS for all groups. Score 0 was predominant for ARI in all groups

Antimicrobial potential of Casearia sylvestris against oral bacteria

Abstract Aim The aim of this study was to obtain Casearia sylvestris leave extracts by different extractive methods, including the obtention of essential oil, in order to compare their antimicrobial activities to conventional mouthwash chlorhexidine against oral bacteria. Material and method For this evaluation, extracts from the leaves were obtained by different methods of extraction (infusion, decoction, maceration and percolation) using different solvent systems: water 100%, ethanol 100%, methanol 100%, water: ethanol 3:7; water: ethanol 7:3; water: methanol 7:3 and water: methanol 3:7. The essential oil, which corresponds to a volatile fraction, was obtained by hydrodistillation using Clevenger modified apparatus. The microdilution broth method was used to determine the values of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) for the following microorganisms: Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175, S. mitis ATCC 49456, S. sanguinis ATCC 10556, S. salivarius ATCC 25975, Lactobacillus casei ATCC 11578 and Enterococcus faecalis ATCC4082. Chlorhexidine gluconate was used as a positive control. Result All extracts evaluated in the used protocol displayed MIC values higher than 400 µg/mL and few showed bactericidal activity. The antimicrobial activity of essential oil was higher than the activity of the extracts, and the best minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration values were obtained against L. casei (MIC of 0.023 µg/mL and MBC of 0.046 µg/mL) and S. mutans (MIC of 25 µg/mL and MBC of 50 µg/mL), respectively. Conclusion The essential oil of Casearia sylvestris has significant antimicrobial activity against oral microorganisms

Color evaluation of a resin cement light polymerized by different light sources and submitted to potentially staining beverages

Abstract Introduction The color stability of resin cements, whether dual-pre-cured or photopolymerizable, as well as the color of the dental substrate, are fundamental for the aesthetic success of ceramic restorations, since the ceramic presents a high level of translucency due to its small thickness. Objective The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the color of a resin cement light polymerized by different light sources and immersed in potentially staining beverages. Material and method Were made 42 specimens of resin cement Variolink-Esthetic (2×6mm) (n=7), being half polymerized with LED light (F1) and half with Halogen light (F2). The specimens were stored in artificial saliva at 37 °C±1 °C. After 24 hours, they were polished with abrasive discs, and divided for the purpose of being submitted to the different solutions for 2 minutes per day, for 28 days, as follows: S1 – Coca-Cola; S2 – Red Wine; and S3 – Distilled Water (Control). Five color readouts were taken: T0 – initial; T1 – 7 days; T2 – 14 days; T3 – 21 days; and T4 – 28 days; with a spectrophotometer (Model SP62S). The color change data (ΔE*) were submitted to statistical analysis, ANOVA and Tukey (p≤0.05). Result Analyzing the factor solution, S2 (5.89 (±0.02)), produced a higher ΔE* value than S1 (3.79 (±0.02)) and (S1), a higher value than S3 (1.41 (±0.02)). Analyzing the factor light source, F2 (4.05 (±0.12)), produced a higher ΔE* value than F1 (3.33 (±0.12)). When analyzing the factor time, ΔE* values were found to increase gradually over the course of time: T1(2.36 (±0.08)); T2(3.27 (±0.08)); T3(4.06 (±0.08)); and T4(5.09 (±0.08)). Conclusion It was concluded that red wine produced a greater color change; Halogen light promoted highest degree of pigmentation; and the longer the time of immersion, the greater the color change of the material

The influence of mouthrinses and simulated toothbrushing on the surface roughness of a nanofilled composite resin

The aim of this study was to determine the influence of mouthrinses on the surface roughness of a nanofilled composite resin after toothbrushing. One hundred nanofilled composite resin specimens were prepared and randomly distributed into two groups-brushed and non-brushed-and then assigned to five subgroups, according to the mouthrinse solutions (n = 10): Colgate Plax Fresh Mint, Oral B, Cepacol, Colgate Plax, and artificial saliva. Each sample was immersed in 20 mL of the mouthrinses for 1 minute, 5 days per week, twice a day, for a 3-week period. The control group used in the study was one in which the specimens were not subjected to brushing and remained only in artificial saliva. Toothbrushing was performed once a week for 1 minute, for 3 weeks. Surface roughness measurements (Ra) were performed after the immersion period and toothbrushing, by means of a profilometer. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test. Analysis revealed that the association between toothbrushing and Colgate Plax Fresh Mint produced the lowest surface roughness (p < 0.05). All other groups tested (Oral B, Cepacol, Colgate Plax, artificial saliva) exhibited no statistically significant differences between surfaces, whether subjected to toothbrushing or not (p < 0.05). It was concluded that the surface roughness of the nanofilled composite resin tested can be influenced by the mouthrinse associated with toothbrushing