Planning alternatives for forestry exploitation

No manejo sustentado em florestas tropicais, há necessidade da garantia de um fluxo constante de recursos para a sua viabilidade. No entanto, isso nem sempre é possível, pelo fato de a exploração ser realizada sem planejamento. Este trabalho tem como finalidade apresentar um método que auxilie no planejamento e na distribuição de recursos disponíveis, através da formulação de cenários para otimização do número de equipes para cada atividade da exploração dependente do tempo limite para conclusão dos trabalhos. Com base no tempo que uma equipe leva para executar determinada atividade e no seu sequenciamento, foram utilizadas técnicas da pesquisa operacional, para determinação do caminho crítico da cadeia de exploração de madeira nativa. Esses métodos, ao mesmo tempo em que organizam o sequenciamento das atividades e determinam quais delas devem receber maior atenção no planejamento, otimizam o número de equipes, para que toda a cadeia seja executada dentro de um tempo limite, o que se faz necessário na região, para que o ciclo de corte se limite à época de seca. O método proposto mostra-se como uma alternativa para o planejamento florestal das atividades de baixo impacto ao garantir o número ótimo de equipes e a realização de todo empreendimento no tempo estipulado. AbstractPlanning alternatives for forestry exploitation. It is necessary to ensure a steady flow of funds for feasibility of sustainable management in tropical forests. However, this is not always possible, due to often not planned forest exploitation. This research aims to present a method that assists planning and distribution of resources, by scenarios formulating, in order to optimize the number of teams for each exploitation activity under time limit to its conclusion. Based on time that a team uses to perform a certain activity and its sequence, it used operations research techniques, such as linear programming and PERT/CPM, in order to determine the critical path of the exploitation chain of native wood. These methods, arranging the sequence of activities and determining which ones should receive more attention in planning, optimize the number of teams in order to perform the chain within a time limit, which is necessary for the region, once the cutting cycle should be limited to the dry season. As result, the proposed method proves to be a good alternative for forest planning of low impact activities ensuring the optimal number of teams and performing the entire project in stipulated time.Keywords: Forest low impact exploitation; math programming; PERT/CPM.It is necessary to ensure a steady flow of funds for feasibility of sustainable management in tropical forests. However, this is not always possible, due to often not planned forest exploitation. This research aims to present a method that assists planning and distribution of resources, by scenarios formulating, in order to optimize the number of teams for each exploitation activity under time limit to its conclusion. Based on time that a team uses to perform a certain activity and its sequence, it used operations research techniques, such as linear programming and PERT/CPM, in order to determine the critical path of the exploitation chain of native wood. These methods, arranging the sequence of activities and determining which ones should receive more attention in planning, optimize the number of teams in order to perform the chain within a time limit, which is necessary for the region, once the cutting cycle should be limited to the dry season. As result, the proposed method proves to be a good alternative for forest planning of low impact activities ensuring the optimal number of teams and performing the entire project in stipulated time.

Obtenção de quartzo citrino a partir de tratamentos térmicos de ametistas procedentes do distrito de Brejinho (BA) / Citrine quartz obtained from thermal treatments of amethysts from the district of Brejinho (BA)

Esse trabalho teve como objetivo verificar a viabilidade de obtenção do quartzo citrino a partir de cristais de ametista tradados apenas termicamente. Para isso, cristais de ametista procedentes do distrito de Brejinho no estado da Bahia foram submetidos a diferentes tratamentos térmicos realizados entre 300°C e 450°C. Nesse estudo foi constatada uma dificuldade na obtenção de gemas de quartzo citrino com temperaturas acima de 400°C. Entretanto, os resultados preliminares obtidos com temperaturas em torno de 400°C mostraram a viabilidade de obtenção do quartzo citrino para fins de joalheria por meio de uma técnica simples e de baixo custo

Star formation in the local Universe from the CALIFA sample: I. Calibrating the SFR using integral field spectroscopy data

The star formation rate (SFR) is one of the main parameters used to analyze the evolution of galaxies through time. The need for recovering the light reprocessed by dust commonly requires the use of low spatial resolution far-infrared data. Recombination line luminosities provide an alternative, although uncertain dust-extinction corrections based on narrowband imaging or long-slit spectroscopy have traditionally posed a limit to their applicability. Integral field spectroscopy (IFS) is clearly the way to overcome this kind of limitation. Aims. We obtain integrated Hα, ultraviolet (UV) and infrared (IR)-based SFR measurements for 272 galaxies from the CALIFA survey at 0.005 <z< 0.03 using single-band and hybrid tracers. We aim to determine whether the extinction-corrected Hα luminosities provide a good measure of the SFR and to shed light on the origin of the discrepancies between tracers. Updated calibrations referred to Hα are provided. The well-defined selection criteria and large statistics allow us to carry out this analysis globally and split by properties, including stellar mass and morphological type. Methods. We derive integrated, extinction-corrected Hα fluxes from CALIFA, UV surface and asymptotic photometry from GALEX and integrated WISE 22 μm and IRAS fluxes. Results. We find that the extinction-corrected Hα luminosity agrees with the hybrid updated SFR estimators based on either UV or Hα plus IR luminosity over the full range of SFRs (0.03-20 M yr). The coefficient that weights the amount of energy produced by newly-born stars that is reprocessed by dust on the hybrid tracers, a, shows a large dispersion. However, this coefficient does not became increasingly small at high attenuations, as expected if significant highly-obscured Hα emission were missed, i.e., after a Balmer decrement-based attenuation correction is applied. Lenticulars, early-type spirals, and type-2 AGN host galaxies show smaller coefficients because of the contribution of optical photons and AGN to dust heating. Conclusions. In the local Universe, the Hα luminosity derived from IFS observations can be used to measure SFR, at least in statistically-significant, optically-selected galaxy samples, once stellar continuum absorption and dust attenuation effects are accounted for. The analysis of the SFR calibrations by galaxies properties could potentially be used by other works to study the impact of different selection criteria in the SFR values derived, and to disentangle selection effects from other physically motivated differences, such as environmental or evolutionary effects.The CALIFA collaboration also thanks the CAHA staff for the dedication to this project. C.C.-T. thanks the support of the Spanish Ministerio de Educacion, Cultura y Deporte by means of the FPU fellowship program. The authors also thank the support from the Plan Nacional de Investigacion y Desarrollo funding programs, AYA2012-30717 and AyA2013-46724P, of Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (MINECO). P.G.P.-G. acknowledges support from the AYA2012-30717 and AYA2012-31277. J.I.P. acknowledges financial support from the Spanish MINECO under grant AYA2010-21887-C04-01 and from Junta de Andalucia Excellence Project PEX2011-FQM7058. R.A.M. is funded by the Spanish program of International Campus of Excellence Moncloa (CEI). M.A.P.T. acknowledges support from the Spanish MINECO through grant AYA2012-38491-C02-02. A.d.O. acknowledge financial support from the Spanish grant AYA2013-42227-P. Support for L.G. is provided by the Ministry of Economy, Development, and Tourism's Millennium Science Initiative through grant IC120009, awarded to The Millennium Institute of Astrophysics, MAS. L.G. acknowledges support by CONICYT through FONDECYT grant 3140566. J.M.G. acknowledges support from the Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia (FCT) through the Fellowship SFRH/BPD/66958/2009 from FCT (Portugal) and POPH/FSE (EC) by FEDER funding through the program Programa Operacional de Factores de Competitividade (COMPETE). J.M.G. also acknowledges support by FCT under project FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER- 029170 (Reference FCT PTDC/FIS-AST/3214/2012), funded by FCT-MEC (PIDDAC) and FEDER (COMPETE).Peer Reviewe

Article pubs.acs.org/cm Ab Initio DFT+U Analysis of Oxygen Vacancy Formation and Migration in La 1‑xSr xFeO 3‑δ (x = 0, 0.25, 0.50)

ABSTRACT: Incorporating mixed oxygen-ion-electron conducting (MIEC) cathode materials is a promising strategy to make intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells (IT-SOFCs) viable; however, a lack of fundamental understanding of oxygen transport in these materials limits their development. Density functional theory plus U (DFT+U) calculations are used to investigate how the Sr concentration affects the processes that govern oxygen ion transport in La 1‑xSr xFeO 3‑δ (LSF, x = 0, 0.25, and 0.50). Specifically, we show that oxygen vacancies compensate holes introduced by Sr and that this compensation facilitates oxygen vacancy formation in LSF. We also find that oxygen migration in LaFeO 3 is accompanied by electron transfer in the opposite direction. Our results explicitly identify and clarify the role of electron-deficient substitutions in promoting oxygen diffusion in LSF. This atomic level insight is important for enabling rational design of iron-based SOFC cathode materials

Ciudades andinas y cambio climático. El caso de Popayán

Esta investigación sobre ciudades andinas y cambio climático con énfasis en el caso de Popayán (Cauca-Colombia), se enmarca la planificación urbana basada en principios ecosistémicos, y enfrenta la pregunta sobre las posibles transformaciones demográficas, ambientales, espaciales y paisajísticas que enfrentarán las ciudades intertropicales en altura como consecuencia del cambio climático. El estudio se fundamenta en la revisión de documentos originados en instituciones de carácter supranacional sobre vulnerabilidad, adaptación y mitigación del cambio climático en las ciudades; migrantes climáticos y crecimiento urbano; así como iniciativas e indicadores de sostenibilidad urbana en América Latina y en documentos técnicos relacionados específicamente a Popayán. A partir de un análisis comparativo de seis ciudades intermedias andinas se identifican características comunes y particulares frente a escenarios de cambio climático, con énfasis al caso de Popayán.This research on Andean cities and climate change focused on the Popayán case from an approach of ​​urban planning based on ecosystem principles, addresses the question of the possible demographic, environmental, spatial and landscape transformations that inter-tropical high-altitude cities will face as consequences of climate change. The study is founded on the revision of documents by supranational institutions about vulnerability, adaptation and mitigation of climate change in cities; climate migrants and urban growth; initiatives and indicators of urban sustainability in Latin America and technical documents related specifically to the city of Popayan. From a comparative analysis of six medium size Andean cities, common and particular characteristics in climate change scenarios were identified, emphasizing Popayan’s case

Venous hemogasometry and blood electrolytes in Mangalarga Marchador mares submitted to aerobic training

The Mangalarga Marchador (MM) breed, valued for its marcha pace, has been excelling in functional activities such as marcha course. Considering the lack of information about sports physiology of the marcha horses, the development of training protocols and physical testing becomes essential and, in this context, the concentrations of blood gases and electrolytes provide additional information for the monitoring of metabolic changes induced by exercise. The goal of the study was to assess the hemogasometric responses and blood electrolyte concentration in MM mares during maximal effort treadmill tests carried out before and after training (trial 1) and between a maximal effort treadmill test and an incremental field test (trial 2). The trials assessed plasma lactate concentration, blood pH, oxygen and carbon dioxide blood pressures, and blood concentrations of the ions bicarbonate, sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), and calcium (Ca++). The study followed a randomized block in a split-plot design. In the first trial, the distances walked by the equines in the tests before and after training caused decrease (p<0.05) in pH and Ca++ concentration and increase in the concentrations of K+ and Na+. In the second trial, the influence of the type of test and the ambient temperature caused decrease (p<0.05) in pH and increase in the concentrations of K+ and Ca++. After training, MM mares had greater changes in pH and electrolyte concentrations

Avaliação prospectiva de 11 pacientes brasileiros com mucopolissacaridose II

Objetivo: Avaliar a progressão da mucopolissacaridose II, durante um período de 12 meses, em 11 pacientes brasileiros. Métodos: Onze pacientes brasileiros com mucopolissacaridose II foram avaliados prospectivamente no Serviço de Genética Médica do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre. As avaliações realizadas na visita inicial e na de 12 meses foram: anamnese, exame físico, ressonância nuclear magnética abdominal, ecocardiograma, teste da caminhada em 6 minutos, audiometria, exames bioquímicos séricos e dosagem uriná- ria de glicosaminoglicanos. Resultados: Os principais achados relativos à comparação entre as duas visitas foram: 1) dois pacientes apresentaram retardo de crescimento; 2) dois pacientes apresentaram variação negativa em relação ao peso; 3) um paciente apresentou variação de obesidade para sobrepeso; 4) três pacientes desenvolveram alargamento do ventrículo esquerdo; destes, dois aumentaram o número de lesões nas valvas cardíacas; 5) não foi encontrada diferença estatística significativa entre a média das distâncias percorridas no teste da caminhada em 6 minutos; 6) houve aumento do volume esplênico; 7) ocorreu aumento dos níveis de gamaglutamiltransferase; 8) não houve alteração dos níveis urinários de glicosaminoglicanos. Conclusões: De uma maneira geral, a única variável que apresentou, no período estudado, piora com potencial repercussão clínica imediata foram os achados ecocardiográficos. Embora o período de 12 meses seja curto para medir alterações na maioria dos parâmetros comprometidos na mucopolissacaridose II, sua natureza progressiva deve ser levada em conta na avaliação da eficácia dos protocolos de tratamento para essa condição.Objective: To assess the progression of mucopolysaccharidosis II in 11 Brazilian patients over a 12-month period. Methods: Eleven Brazilian patients with mucopolysaccharidosis II were prospectively studied at the Division of Medical Genetics of Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre. The initial assessment and the assessment at 12 months included: anamnesis, physical examination, abdominal nuclear magnetic resonance, echocardiogram, 6-minute walk test, audiometry, serum biochemical tests and urinary glycosaminoglycan concentration. Results: The major findings after comparing the assessments were: 1) two patients had growth retardation; 2) two patients showed negative weight change; 3) one patient went from obese to overweight; 4) three patients revealed left ventricle hypertrophy; of these, two increased the number of cardiac valve lesions; 5) there was no statistically significant difference between the mean distances obtained on the 6-minute walk test; 6) there was splenic enlargement; 7) there was an increase in gamma-glutamyltransferase levels; 8) the urinary concentration of glycosaminoglycans remained unchanged. Conclusions: In general, echocardiographic findings were the only variable with deterioration and possible immediate clinical consequences. Although a 12-month period is too short to detect changes in most variables related to mucopolysaccharidosis II, its progressive nature should be taken into account when evaluating the efficiency of treatment protocols

Micoses superficiais na cidade de Manaus, AM, entre março e novembro/2003 Superficial mycoses in the City of Manaus/AM between March and November/2003

FUNDAMENTOS: Micoses superficiais estritas são infecções fúngicas que se localizam nas camadas superficiais da pele e seus anexos. As micoses superficiais cutâneas representadas pelas dermatofitoses e candidíases podem ultrapassar a camada córnea da pele. Na região amazônica possuem incidência elevada. OBJETIVOS: Estudar as micoses superficiais, estritas e cutâneas, diagnosticadas sob o ponto de vista epidemiológico e micológico. PACIENTES E MÉTODOS: Pacientes com suspeita clínica de micoses superficiais submetidos a exame micológico no período de março a novembro de 2003 no Laboratório de Micologia Médica/CPCS/INPA. RESULTADOS: Foram realizados 394 exames, tendo 256 apresentado diagnóstico positivo. As micoses mais incidentes foram onicomicoses (135) e pitiríase versicolor (98). Malassezia spp. (77) e Candida spp. (72) foram os agentes fúngicos mais isolados. Tinea capitis apresentou maior ocorrência nos pré-escolares (3), e onicomicoses em adultos (94). O sexo feminino foi o mais acometido (91). Todas as classes sociais foram infectadas, com predominância da C (37). CONCLUSÃO: Onicomicoses e pitiríase versicolor acometeram sobretudo adultos. A Tinea capitis ocorre principalmente, em crianças. As micoses superficiais apresentaram mais incidentes nas mulheres. Malassezia spp. e Candida spp. foram os agentes mais isolados.<br>BACKGROUND - Restricted superficial mycoses are fungal infections that appear on the skin superficial layers and their adnexa. However skin superficial mycoses represented by dermatophytoses and candidiasis can invade the corneal layer. This type of mycosis has a high incidence in the Amazon region. OBJECTIVES - To study the restricted superficial mycoses under the epidemiological and mycological point of view. PATIENTS AND METHODS - Patients presenting clinical suspicion of superficial mycoses submitted to mycological examination from March to November 2003 at the Clinical Mycology Laboratory/CPCS-INPA. RESULTS - Three hundred and ninety-four examinations were carried out throughout the period and 256 were positive. The mycoses with higher incidence were onychomycosis (135) and pityriasis versicolor (98). The most often isolated agents were Malassezia spp. (77) and Candida spp. (72). Tinea capitis was more frequent in pre-school children (3) and onychomycosis in adults (94). Mycoses were more prevalent in women (91). All socioeconomic classes were affected, with a predominance in class C (37). CONCLUSION - Onychomycosis and pityriasis versicolor affected mostly adults and Tinea capitis occured mainly in children. Superficial mycoses were more predominant in women. Malassezia spp. and Candida spp. were the most often isolated agents