La pena en las consuetas indianas. Los concilios y la redacción de esas normas

Las consuetas pertenecen al Derecho Canónico particular, por tratarse de normas que organizan el funcionamiento del Cabildo Eclesiástico en cada catedral, las que fueron reformuladas por diferentes obispos de acuerdo a las circunstancias locales. En el período colonial en América, tiempo y espacio al cual se ajusta este trabajo, su incumplimiento estuvo penado de diferentes maneras según el lugar y la época. La calidad de estas penas fue esencialmente correctiva y de efecto económico más que espiritual. La estructura del cuerpo capitular determinaba que hubiera encargados de ordenar la liturgia y hacerla cumplir, además de una persona que se ocupaba de tomar nota de las faltas cometidas para que la autoridad competente supiera qué castigo debía aplicar en cada ocasión. Las consuetas, reglas, ordines o constituciones indianas, dan cuenta de los cargos que debía haber en cada catedral, según su rango, como también las funciones que cada uno debía desempeñar conforme a las pautas de comportamiento establecidas. Cuando éstas se transgredían debía aplicarse una pena que era materia del presidente del coro o del obispo, cuando el caso lo requería por su gravedad y debían aplicarse otras normas del derecho.The consuetas belong to the particular canonical law because of being rules which organize the operation of the ecclesiastic Cabildo in each Cathedral, and which were reformulated by different bishops according to local circumstances. In the colonial period in America, spatial and temporal span to which this work fits, failure to abide by those rules was punished in different ways according to the time and place. The quality of these penalties was essentially remedial and more economic than spiritual. The structure of the ecclesiastic Cabildo determined that there were people responsible for ordering the liturgy and enforce it, apart from a person who was responsible for taking note of the misconduct so that the competent authority knew what punishment should apply each time. The consuetas, rules, ordos or Indian constitutions account for the posts that there should be in every Cathedral, according to their rank, as well as the functions that each should comply with in accordance with established patterns of behaviour. When these were violated a penalty that was the responsibility of the Chairman of the choir should apply or, when the case required because of its seriousness, the Bishop was responsible and other rules of law should be applied.Fil: Martinez, Ana Maria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Córdoba. Centro de Investigaciones y Estudio sobre Cultura y Sociedad; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Argentin

Sampling Technique for Documentary Selection: a Look from the Method

La aplicación del muestreo -en la etapa de disposición de la evaluación documental-, sobre las series que van a ser eliminadas, requiere de unas especificidades que lo alejan del muestreo matemático estadístico, para introducirse en lo que constituye el muestreo archivístico, con características peculiares de la acción que requiere esa práctica.The implementation of sampling to the series that will be eliminated at the stage of disposition of the documentary evaluation requires certain specifi cities that move it away from statistical mathematical sampling, to get into what constitutes the archive sampling, with a number of characteristics that are peculiar to the action required by this practice.Fil: Martinez, Ana Maria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios sobre Cultura y Sociedad. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios sobre Cultura y Sociedad; Argentin

Climate Change Education: An Exploration of Curriculum Enactments in Canadian Post-Secondary Educational Institutions

Climate change is indisputably one of the most pressing issues of our time. This dissertation is a study of curricula in Canadian Post-Secondary Institutions (PSIs). I conducted a survey of 225 PSIs for climate change courses during the calendar year of 2014-2015 and then focus on four PSIs with climate change programs to explore factors influencing processes of formation and implementation of climate change curricula. This research draws upon elements from literature in climate change policy, cultural studies, and curriculum studies to understand the formation of climate change programs. The study seeks to deepen understanding of institutional change in what I believe is unprecedented times. The first part of this study uses a combination of quantitative and qualitative content analysis of course syllabi. Courses were coded according to their focus into Tiers-of-Concentration and Streams according to their area/discipline of concentration. The second part of this dissertation includes a series of in-depth interviews with climate change program creators, administrators, directors, faculty and faculty committee members in particular PSIs. My selection of four PSIs is based on their programs these institutions offer undergraduate and graduate climate change programs as well as their institutional reputations, inclinations and characters. Interviews with curricula innovators reveal some features shaping climate change curricula formation. I focus on four features: (1) The emergence of climate champions in bureaucratic procedures; (2) The culture of economics; (3) Disciplinary allegiances; and (4) Climate leanings. My study seeks to better understand climate change curricula innovations and cultures with a commitment to the importance of PSIs as sources of climate change expertise and leadership within democratic societies

The Agri-Food Cooperative Netchain: A Theoretical Framework to Study its Configuration

This paper proposes a research framework of the design and configuration of agrifood chains where the focal firm is a second-tier cooperative (group of affiliated cooperatives) in order to assess the alignment of (relational) governance structures and coordination mechanisms in these chains with supply chain management (SCM) principles. The theoretical framework proposes an integrative approach by drawing on the Relational View of inter-organisational competitive advantage and the Theory of Networks as inter-cooperative vertical relationships are embedded in horizontal ties between firms (first-tier cooperatives) of social rather economic nature. The conceptual framework developed herein will help theory building in SCM, but most importantly it would advance current knowledge on the scope of SCM in the agrifood cooperative sector.supply chain management, agrifood cooperatives, governance structure and coordination mechanisms, Agribusiness,

Optical polarization study in the open cluster NGC 6250

We present (UBVRI) multicolour linear polarimetric data for 32 of the brightest stars in the area of the open cluster NGC 6250, with the aim of studying the properties of the interstellar medium (ISM) towards the cluster. Our data yield a mean polarization P¯V = 1.83 per cent, close to the polarization value produced by the ISM with normal efficiency for a mean colour excess of EB−V = 0.37. Our analysis indicates that the observed visual absorption in NGC 6250 is caused by a nearby dust layer (within 300 pc) producing a polarization with an angle close to the Galactic plane (θGP ∼ 38◦). In addition, there are at least two more dust layers along the line of sight between the Sun and the cluster producing a change in the observed polarization, making our results compatible with Neckel and Klare’s results. The observations show differences between the orientation of the local magnetic field of the nearby dust layer and the one that is polarizing along the way to the cluster (θ v = 20◦). The internal dispersion of the polarization values for the members of NGC 6250 seems to be compatible with the presence of intracluster dust. The majority of observed stars do not present evidence of intrinsic polarization in their light. In this work, we also show (as in several previous papers) how polarimetry is an excellent technique for identifying non-member stars.Fil: Feinstein Baigorri, Carlos. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Astronómicas y Geofísicas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Astrofísica La Plata. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Astronómicas y Geofísicas. Instituto de Astrofísica La Plata; ArgentinaFil: Vergne, Maria Marcela. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Astronómicas y Geofísicas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Astrofísica La Plata. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Astronómicas y Geofísicas. Instituto de Astrofísica La Plata; ArgentinaFil: Martinez, Ruben Enrique. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Astronómicas y Geofísicas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Astrofísica La Plata. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Astronómicas y Geofísicas. Instituto de Astrofísica La Plata; ArgentinaFil: Orsatti, Ana Maria. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Astronómicas y Geofísicas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Astrofísica La Plata. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Astronómicas y Geofísicas. Instituto de Astrofísica La Plata; ArgentinaFil: Vergne, Maria Marcela. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Astronómicas y Geofísicas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Astrofísica La Plata. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Astronómicas y Geofísicas. Instituto de Astrofísica La Plata; Argentin

Compositional Diversity in Arcs: A Record of Magmatic Processes in the Peru Coastal Batholith, Ica

Peruvian granitic plutons display evidence for crustal recycling and magma mixing. Evidence of physical and chemical processes operating during the formation of the Ica-Pisco complexes involves magma mixing and mingling as result of felsic and mafic interactions. Evidence of crustal recycling was identified from kilometer-scale cauldron subsidence, meter and centimeter-scale -stoping, and disaggregation. At the petrographic microscope scale, evidence for recycling and mixing between mantle and crustal magma during crystallization is found from disequilibrium features such as reaction rims, resorbed cores, and patchy zoning. Elemental and isotope geochemistry data indicate that mantle magmas have incorporated continental crust material from varying depths and sources and in increasing amounts with time. Some uranium and lead isotope single-crystal zircon analyses also indicate varying source components. The research concluded that the source of the granitic magmas making up the plutons near Ica, Peru is about half from the mantle and half from recycled crust made up of Precambrian lower crust and Phanerozoic upper crust consisting of volcanic, sedimentary, and earlier plutonic units at the emplacement level

HAVE SPANISH COMPANIES BUILT GREATER ENTREPRENEURSHIP AFTER PRIVATIZATION?

This study analyses some of the strategic and organizational changes experienced in public firms following privatization in its double facet: sale of companies and deregulation. Specifically, we analyse the process of innovation in terms of products, processes and organization. We also look into the development of new businesses and strategic renewal, which in the end shape the entrepreneurial capacity of a company. A sample of Spanish firms which were privatized between 1985 and 2000 shows that after privatization, these companies have experienced a significant increase in entrepreneurship. These changes are even more appreciable when a high sector competition is added to the ownership shift. Once they join the private sector, their level of product, process and organizational innovation is higher. They also develop new businesses at national level, reinforce their international activity and embark on strategic renewal processes by shedding the lesser profitable businesses and modifying their competitive strategy so as to gain efficiency.

Modelado Numérico de Pasteurización Artesanal de Leche y Jugos Naturales

El proceso de pasteurización consiste en el calentamiento de líquidos hasta una temperatura tal que permita la eliminación de los microorganismos patógenos y de esta forma de extender el tiempo vida útil. El tiempo de pasteurización es un limitante importante, ya que si el tratamiento térmico es excesivo el producto pierde su valor nutritivo y puede incluso contraer características desagradables en su gusto, aroma, color y textura. La duración del proceso debe ser la óptima, ya que si es breve no se alcanza a destruir el número suficiente de microorganismos y, por lo tanto, podría volver a aumentar su número hasta niveles que pongan en riesgo la salud de los consumidores. El objetivo de este trabajo es la optimización de la pasteurización artesanal de leche y jugo de naranja, para aprovechar la producción regional de las chacras de la provincia de Misiones y realizar la transferencia a pequeños productores. Para lo cual se efectuó la simulación numérica del proceso de pasteurización empleando el método de elementos finitos. Se realizaron modelos de simetría axial y del sachet y del sistema sachet y batea para distintos valores de temperatura del agua de calefacción. Se analizaron los resultados identificando los puntos que necesitaban más tiempo en calentarse y de esta manera se determinaron recomendaciones de tiempos óptimos para diferentes temperaturas del agua. Para validar dichos modelos de simulación se realizó la pasteurización artesanal de jugo de naranja y se midieron las temperaturas dentro y fuera del sachet del producto mediante termocuplas y termómetros durante el proceso de pasteurización.Fil: Martinez, Ana Maria. Provincia de Misiones. Comite de Desarrollo E Innovacion Tecnologica; ArgentinaFil: Rosenberger, Mario Roberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnológico Nordeste. Instituto de Materiales de Misiones; Argentin

Circadian rhythms of proliferation events in two mouse carcinomas

We studied the index of DNA synthesis (DNAs) of two cellular carcinomas: the hepatocellular ES12a and the mammary TN60 of mice, throughout one circadian cycle. In the results, we observed that both tumors have circadian rhythms (CRs), but the peaks of DNAs vary. Besides, the mean of DNAs along 24 h shows significative differences, the TN60 has higher values than the ES12a. These observed CR in the DNAs index in both carcinomas mean that, at least in partly, the proliferation of cancer cells can be regulated by endocrine factor as it normally occurs in ordinary cells. The big problem we can find for the chronopharmacology is that it is impossible to know in advance the rate of proliferation of each tumor.Fil: Garcia, Marcela. Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas; ArgentinaFil: Andrini, Laura Beatríz. Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas; ArgentinaFil: Martinez, Marina. Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas; ArgentinaFil: Inda, Ana. Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas; Argentina. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas; ArgentinaFil: Palma, Maria Belen. Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Miriuka, Santiago Gabriel. Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Errecalde, Ana Lia. Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas; Argentin

Administración y justicia: el ayuntamiento de Aculco, 1820-1824

La presente investigación tiene como objetivo analizar las continuidades o rupturas que se presentaron durante los primeros años del siglo decimonónico en México. Lo anterior se podrá observar con el desarrollo de la administración del ayuntamiento gaditano, durante los años de 1820-1824. En la historiografía mexicana existen investigaciones que han permitido una comprensión acerca de aspectos y problemas relacionados con la transición de los pueblos de indios coloniales a municipalidades republicanasLa presente investigación tiene como objetivo analizar las continuidades o rupturas que se presentaron durante los primeros años del siglo decimonónico en México. Lo anterior se podrá observar con el desarrollo de la administración del ayuntamiento gaditano, durante los años de 1820-1824. En la historiografía mexicana existen investigaciones que han permitido una comprensión acerca de aspectos y problemas relacionados con la transición de los pueblos de indios coloniales a municipalidades republicanasCONACY