Yield determination in olive hedgerow orchards. I. Yield and profiles of yield components in north–south and east–west oriented hedgerows

A study of the vertical distribution of flowering and fruit set and of components of yield (fruit numbers, fruit size, and fruit oil content) was maintained for 2 years in N–S- and E–W-oriented olive hedgerows of comparable structure (row spacing 4m, hedgerow height to 2.5 m, width c. 1m) near Toledo, Spain (39.98N). Mean yield of the N–S orchard was 1854 kg oil/ha without difference between sides or years. Yield of the E–W orchard was greater in 2006, producing 2290 kg/ha, but only 1840 kg/ha in 2007, the same as the N–S orchard. The S side of the E–Worchard yielded more (59%) than the N side in 2007. In both orchards and years, most fruit was produced at 1.0–2.0m height and fruit density was the most influential component in these differences, reflecting more intense bud initiation in these upper layers. Other components that determined fruit number, fertile inflorescences, fruits per fertile inflorescence, and fruit drop were not significantly different between layers. Fruit characteristics depended on hedgerow position. In both N–S and E–W hedgerows, fruit high in the hedgerow was the largest, most mature, and with highest oil content. These differences were more marked in N–S than in E–W hedgerows. Fruit growth and development were concentrated from the middle of September until the end November. Oil content per fruit increased linearly during that period when 65% of final oil content was accumulated. Similar patterns were observed between sides. The results of yield and yield profiles are discussed in the general context of light interception. The results suggest the importance of hedgerow porosity, and distinct penetration patterns of direct-beam radiation through N–S and E–W hedgerows, as the basis for explanation of the high yield of the N side of E–W hedgerows

Yield determination in olive hedgerow orchards. II. Analysis of radiation and fruiting profiles

Profiles of fruit density, fruit size, and oil content were measured on 12 occasions in 7 olive orchards in Spain and 2 in Australia. Orchard structure varied widely. Height ranged from 2.0 to 5.5 m, row spacing from 3 to 6 m, and canopy width from 0.7 to 3m. Most orchards were oriented north–south (N–S) but one in Spain was oriented close to east–west (E–W)(208NE–SW). All orchards in Spain were cv. Arbequina, and in Australia they were cvv. Barnea and Picual. Analyses with a model of interception and transmission that estimated interception by individual sides of hedgerows revealed that fruit size and oil content were strongly related to intercepted radiation during the month before harvest across all orchards. Relationships were also evident between fruit density and interception but varied among orchards and years, indicating the importance of other environmental and probably physiological effects. In N–S orchards of cv. Arbequina, average fruit size and oil content increased linearly from 0.40 g (dry weight) to 0.72 g, and from 36 to 49% (of dry weight), as daily intercepted PAR increased from 6 to 25 mol/m2 (15–60% of horizontally incident radiation). The general principles of response extended to E–W orchards. There, it was shown that generally large fruit with high oil content on S sides was consistent with the plateau responses to radiation evident in the more extensive N–S data. On the N side, however, and accounting for transmission through the hedgerow, both fruit size and oil content were greater than in positions intercepting equivalent radiation inN–S orchards. Examples are provided of the utility of responses of fruit density, size, and oil content in establishing combinations of row height, row width, and row distance to improve or maintain productivity in some of the orchards included in the study

Transformaciones internas en ciudades intermedias de la Región Metropolitana de Barcelona: renovación de la base económica y la forma urbana

¿Existe alguna relación entre las operaciones de transformación interna de las ciudades que conforman la metrópolis de Barcelona y la transformación de la base económica de esas ciudades? En este estudio se trata de presentar alguna evidencia de que no solo el precio del suelo, la mejora en infraestructuras y accesibilidad, la disponibilidad de mano de obra especializada, o la proximidad al núcleo principal metropolitano, han sido razones de localización de nuevas empresas en ciudades intermedias de la Región Metropolitana de Barcelona (RMB). Se pretende señalar, también, que las intervenciones de transformación urbana han influido en la decisión de los responsables de nuevas empresas para situarse en ciudades que empezaron un proceso de renovación interna en la década de 1980 (a partir de los primeros ayuntamientos democráticos en España).Is there any connection between the operations of internal transformation at medium sized cities, which form Barcelona as a metropolis, and the change in the economical base of those cities? In this analysis, the objective is to seek for evidence that besides plot's prices, the improvement in infrastructure and accessibility, the availability of specialized workforce, or the proximity to the central metropolitan core, have been the reasons for the location of new companies. The research also intents to point out the urban transformations that have influenced the decision of those responsible for the businesses located at the cities that began their renovation by the early 1980's.Peer Reviewe

Effect of root-promoting products in the propagation of organic olive (Olea europaea L.) nursery plant

Olive cuttings root well using synthetic auxin indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). However, European and North American regulations do not allow the use of synthetic products to obtain organic vegetative propagation materials. In this work, we evaluated different products that could replace IBA in the propagation of olive cv. Cornicabra leafy-stem cuttings. In 2003, six products with a known auxin effect were assessed: IBA, algae extract, brewer's yeast, a bed of sunflower seed, seaweed dry extract (Sm-6 OrganicoTM), and an extract of macerated seeds (Terrabal OrganicoTM). The basal end of cuttings was treated with one of these products and placed on a mist bed with basal temperature control. After 2 months, rooting percentage, number of roots per cutting, number of cuttings with callus formation, and number of cuttings with basal thickening were determined. No significant differences were found in rooting percentage or number of roots per cutting between IBA and Terrabal OrganicoTM and Sm-6 OrganicoTM. These last products had significantly higher percentage of rooted cuttings without callus formation than IBA. In 2004, a new trial was conducted in which seven treatments were evaluated: IBA applied for 7 s; Terrabal OrganicoTM applied for 1, 4, and 8 h; and Sm-6 OrganicoTM applied for 1, 4, and 8 h. No significant differences in rooting percentage or number of roots per cutting were observed between IBA and Terrabal OrganicoTM applied for 1 h, whereas all the Sm-6 OrganicoTM treatments had significantly lower rooting percentages than IBA. Both rooting percentage and the percentage of rooted cuttings without callus development decreased significantly as treatment duration with Terrabal OrganicoTM increased. Therefore, Terrabal OrganicoTM could produce a toxic effect on cuttings when treatment duration is increased. Thus, Terrabal OrganicoTM could be a valid alternative to IBA in the propagation of organic olive plants of cv. Cornicabra when applied to the basal end of cuttings for 1

Distribuição espacial do C orgânico e da mineralização de N em solos de montado com pastagem melhorada

Cork oak woodlands in Portugal are a multipurpose agroforestry system occurring in areas mostly degraded by former cereal crops and overgrazing. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of scattered cork oak trees (Quercus suber L.) on soil quality, considering two land use systems: unmanaged pastures and improved pastures. Soil samples were collected in a square grid around scattered cork oak trees to evaluate the spatial variability of soil bulk density and chemical properties. In soil samples taken beneath tree canopy and in the open, net N mineralization was evaluated by aerobic incubations. Also, laboratory incubations were carried out to evaluate the effect of roots (tree or/and herbaceous) and water solutions (bulk precipitation, throughfall or stemflow) on net N mineralization. Contents of organic C, total N and extractable P were increased beneath the tree canopy, and gradually decreased with the increase of distance to the tree trunk. Improved pastures established 26 years ago increased organic C (0.76 kg m-2), total N (0.06 kg m-2) and extractable P (2.70 g m-2) amounts in the 0-10 cm soil layer beneath the tree canopy relatively to those of unmanaged pastures. Net N mineralization was significantly greater (about 2 times) in soils beneath the tree canopy than in those of open areas. N mineralization was unaffected by addition of throughfall or stemflow, while a significant reduction resulted from tree roots addition, this effect being stronger for herbaceous plant roots than for tree roots. Maintenance of tree cover combined with permanent improved pastures should be considered to improve soil quality in oak woodlands of Southern Portuga

Incidencia de los Robos y Hurtos en el Sistema de Seguros Agrarios Español.

Este trabajo se estudia la viabilidad técnica de incorporar al actual Sistema de Seguros Agrarios Español la cobertura de los robos y hurtos en el medio rural, calculando la prima pura base (Ppb) para todas las producciones agrícolas, ganaderas y medios de producción asegurables dentro del sistema de los Seguros Agrarios Combinados. Los resultados indican que los robos se producen con una mayor influencia sobre los elementos de los riegos por aspersión y de los invernaderos, y la Ppb en consecuencia es la más alta de todos los bienes asegurables. Les siguen en importancia las explotaciones de ganado ovino-caprino y, en cuanto a las producciones agrícolas, destaca el olivar

Sum Insured Determination for Cereal, Citrus and Vineyards in the Spanish Agricultural Insurance System.

In general, insurance is a form of risk management used to hedge against a contingent loss. The conventional definition is the equitable transfer of a risk of loss from one entity to another in exchange for a premium or a guaranteed and quantifiable small loss to prevent a large and possibly devastating loss being agricultural insurance a special line of property insurance. Agriculture insurance, as actually are designed in the Spanish scenario, were established in 1978. At the macroeconomic insurance studies scale, it is necessary to know a basic element for the insurance actuarial components: sum insured. When a new risk assessment has to be evaluated in the insurance framework, it is essential to determinate venture capital in the total Spanish agriculture. In this study, three different crops (cereal, citrus and vineyards) cases are showed to determinate sum insured as they are representative of the cases found in the Spanish agriculture. Crop sum insured is calculated by the product of crop surface, unit surface production and crop price insured. In the cereal case, winter as spring cereal sowing, represents the highest Spanish crop surface, above to 6 millions of hectares (ha). Meanwhile, the four citrus species (oranges, mandarins, lemons and grapefruits) occupied an extension just over 275.000 ha. On the other hand, vineyard target to wine process shows almost one million of ha in Spain

One-Step Preparation of Large Area Films of Oriented MoS2 Nanoparticles on Multilayer Graphene and Its Electrocatalytic Activity for Hydrogen Evolution

[EN] MoS2 is a promising material to replace Pt-based catalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), due to its excellent stability and high activity. In this work, MoS2 nanoparticles supported on graphitic carbon (about 20 nm) with a preferential 002 facet orientation have been prepared by pyrolysis of alginic acid films on quartz containing adsorbed (NH4)(2)MoS4 at 900 degrees C under Ar atmosphere. Although some variation of the electrocatalytic activity has been observed from batch to batch, the MoS2 sample exhibited activity for HER (a potential onset between 0.2 and 0.3 V vs. SCE), depending on the concentrations of (NH4)(2)MoS4 precursor used in the preparation process. The loading and particle size of MoS2, which correlate with the amount of exposed active sites in the sample, are the main factors influencing the electrocatalytic activity.Financial support by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (Severo Ochoa and CTQ2015-69513-CO2-R1) and Generalidad Valenciana (Prometeo 2013/014) is gratefully acknowledged. Jinbao He thanks the Chinese Scholarship Council for supporting his PhD studies.He, J.; Fernández-Blanco, AC.; Primo Arnau, AM.; García Gómez, H. (2018). One-Step Preparation of Large Area Films of Oriented MoS2 Nanoparticles on Multilayer Graphene and Its Electrocatalytic Activity for Hydrogen Evolution. Materials. 11(1):1-11. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11010168S111111Chhowalla, M., Shin, H. S., Eda, G., Li, L.-J., Loh, K. P., & Zhang, H. (2013). The chemistry of two-dimensional layered transition metal dichalcogenide nanosheets. Nature Chemistry, 5(4), 263-275. doi:10.1038/nchem.1589Lukowski, M. A., Daniel, A. S., Meng, F., Forticaux, A., Li, L., & Jin, S. (2013). Enhanced Hydrogen Evolution Catalysis from Chemically Exfoliated Metallic MoS2 Nanosheets. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 135(28), 10274-10277. doi:10.1021/ja404523sVoiry, D., Yamaguchi, H., Li, J., Silva, R., Alves, D. C. B., Fujita, T., … Chhowalla, M. (2013). Enhanced catalytic activity in strained chemically exfoliated WS2 nanosheets for hydrogen evolution. Nature Materials, 12(9), 850-855. doi:10.1038/nmat3700Li, Y., Wang, H., Xie, L., Liang, Y., Hong, G., & Dai, H. (2011). MoS2Nanoparticles Grown on Graphene: An Advanced Catalyst for the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 133(19), 7296-7299. doi:10.1021/ja201269bLatorre-Sánchez, M., Esteve-Adell, I., Primo, A., & García, H. (2015). Innovative preparation of MoS2–graphene heterostructures based on alginate containing (NH4)2MoS4 and their photocatalytic activity for H2 generation. Carbon, 81, 587-596. doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2014.09.093Primo, A., Sánchez, E., Delgado, J. M., & García, H. (2014). High-yield production of N-doped graphitic platelets by aqueous exfoliation of pyrolyzed chitosan. Carbon, 68, 777-783. doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2013.11.068Mateo, D., Esteve-Adell, I., Albero, J., Royo, J. F. S., Primo, A., & Garcia, H. (2016). 111 oriented gold nanoplatelets on multilayer graphene as visible light photocatalyst for overall water splitting. Nature Communications, 7(1). doi:10.1038/ncomms11819Primo, A., Esteve-Adell, I., Blandez, J. F., Dhakshinamoorthy, A., Álvaro, M., Candu, N., … García, H. (2015). High catalytic activity of oriented 2.0.0 copper(I) oxide grown on graphene film. Nature Communications, 6(1). doi:10.1038/ncomms9561Primo, A., Esteve-Adell, I., Coman, S. N., Candu, N., Parvulescu, V. I., & Garcia, H. (2015). One-Step Pyrolysis Preparation of 1.1.1 Oriented Gold Nanoplatelets Supported on Graphene and Six Orders of Magnitude Enhancement of the Resulting Catalytic Activity. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 55(2), 607-612. doi:10.1002/anie.201508908Primo, A., Atienzar, P., Sanchez, E., Delgado, J. M., & García, H. (2012). From biomass wastes to large-area, high-quality, N-doped graphene: catalyst-free carbonization of chitosan coatings on arbitrary substrates. Chemical Communications, 48(74), 9254. doi:10.1039/c2cc34978gPedraza, F., Cruz-Reyes, J., Acosta, D., Yanez, M. J., Avalos-Borja, M., & Fuentes, S. (1993). Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, 5(33A), A219-A220. doi:10.1088/0953-8984/5/33a/069Li, H., Zhang, Q., Yap, C. C. R., Tay, B. K., Edwin, T. H. T., Olivier, A., & Baillargeat, D. (2012). From Bulk to Monolayer MoS2: Evolution of Raman Scattering. Advanced Functional Materials, 22(7), 1385-1390. doi:10.1002/adfm.201102111Yan, Y., Ge, X., Liu, Z., Wang, J.-Y., Lee, J.-M., & Wang, X. (2013). Facile synthesis of low crystalline MoS2 nanosheet-coated CNTs for enhanced hydrogen evolution reaction. Nanoscale, 5(17), 7768. doi:10.1039/c3nr02994hLi, H., Tsai, C., Koh, A. L., Cai, L., Contryman, A. W., Fragapane, A. H., … Zheng, X. (2015). Activating and optimizing MoS2 basal planes for hydrogen evolution through the formation of strained sulphur vacancies. Nature Materials, 15(1), 48-53. doi:10.1038/nmat4465Tsai, C., Chan, K., Nørskov, J. K., & Abild-Pedersen, F. (2015). Theoretical insights into the hydrogen evolution activity of layered transition metal dichalcogenides. Surface Science, 640, 133-140. doi:10.1016/j.susc.2015.01.01

Transformaciones internas en ciudades intermedias de la Región Metropolitana de Barcelona: renovación de la base económica y la forma urbana

¿Existe alguna relación entre las operaciones de transformación interna de las ciudades que conforman la metrópolis de Barcelona y la transformación de la base económica de esas ciudades? En este estudio se trata de presentar alguna evidencia de que no solo el precio del suelo, la mejora en infraestructuras y accesibilidad, la disponibilidad de mano de obra especializada, o la proximidad al núcleo principal metropolitano, han sido razones de localización de nuevas empresas en ciudades intermedias de la Región Metropolitana de Barcelona (RMB). Se pretende señalar, también, que las intervenciones de transformación urbana han influido en la decisión de los responsables de nuevas empresas para situarse en ciudades que empezaron un proceso de renovación interna en la década de 1980 (a partir de los primeros ayuntamientos democráticos en España).Is there any connection between the operations of internal transformation at medium sized cities, which form Barcelona as a metropolis, and the change in the economical base of those cities? In this analysis, the objective is to seek for evidence that besides plot's prices, the improvement in infrastructure and accessibility, the availability of specialized workforce, or the proximity to the central metropolitan core, have been the reasons for the location of new companies. The research also intents to point out the urban transformations that have influenced the decision of those responsible for the businesses located at the cities that began their renovation by the early 1980's.Peer Reviewe

Metáforas e realidade psíquica em amostras de primeira infância numa instituição educativa de Cali

Objective. The aim of this paper is to explore the relationship between metaphors and psychic reality among 10 preschool female teachers who took part in a formation program for nursery education in a public institution of Cali city. Method. They were asked to construct metaphors from the memory of events with their own childhood teachers. The relationship between metaphors, evoked by memories, and the underlying psychic reality of each participant was the subject of psychoanalytic analysis. Results. It was found that in this group of teachers, aggressive anal characteristics in their relationships with internal objects were prevalent; these correspond to a pre-oedipal stage of development, which is related to control regulation and with norms, fundamental themes in nursery education. Conclusion. Finally, it was concluded that teachers’ values and identifications affect their functions, and thereby the socio-emotional development of the children they work with. The results are discussed based on their potential impact on teaching functions.Objetivo. Mostrar la relación entre la metáfora y la realidad psíquica en un grupo de 10 mujeres que participaron de un programa de formación para ser maestras de primera infancia, en una institución educativa pública de la ciudad de Cali. Método. Las participantes elaboraron metáforas a partir de recuerdos de eventos con sus propias maestras en la infancia. Se hizo un análisis psicoanalítico de la relación entre las metáforas, los recuerdos evocados y la realidad psíquica subyacente de cada participante. Resultados. Se encontró que en este grupo de maestras prevalecen características anales agresivas en las relaciones con los objetos internos, lo que corresponde a una etapa preedípica del desarrollo, la cual está estrechamente relacionada con el control y la norma, temas fundamentales en la educación infantil. Conclusión. Finalmente, se concluye que los valores y las identificaciones del maestro inciden en el ejercicio de su función, así como en el desarrollo socioemocional de los niños que tienen a su cargo. Escopo. Apresentar a relação entre a metáfora e a realidade psíquica num grupo de 10 mulheres que participaram de um programa de formação para ser maestras de primeira infância, numa instituição educativa pública da cidade de Cali. Metodologia. As participantes elaboraram metáforas a partir de lembranças de eventos com suas próprias maestras na infância. Foi realizado uma análise psicanalítica da relação entre metáforas, as lembranças evocadas e a realidade psíquica subjacente de cada participante. Resultados. Foi achado que neste grupo de maestras prevalecem características anais agressivas nas relações com os objetos internos, o que corresponde a uma etapa edípica do desenvolvimento, que está estreitamente relacionado como controle e a norma, temas fundamentais na educação infantil. Conclusão. Finalmente, a conclusão é que os valores e as identificações do maestros incidem no exercício de sua função, assim como no desenvolvimento sócio-emocional das crianças que tem baixo seu cargo