CONFIANÇA EM REDES DE NEGÓCIOS: ABORDAGENS, DETERMINANTES E FORMAS DE MENSURAÇÃO

A literatura atual não dispõe de uma explicação única para apresentar uma visão precisa da confiança em redes de negócios. Diante desse gap, o objetivo deste estudo foi identificar como os aspectos sociológicos e econômicos da confiança são abordados nos diferentes paradigmas da literatura de redes de negócios. A revisão teórica envolveu as matérias de redes e confiança, procurando evidenciar as perspectivas mais influentes sob as quais ambas se desenvolveram. A partir das bases ISI Web of Science e SPELL, realizou-se a análise de conteúdo de 63 artigos, dividida em descritiva (ano, aspectos metodológicos e paradigma teórico) e qualitativa (definições, determinantes e operacionalização da confiança). Como resultados, verificou-se que poucas definições de confiança se destacam e, na maioria, aparentam-se incompletas; identificou-se a recorrência de 15 determinantes distintos, destacando-se relacionamentos interpessoais e reputação. Entre conceitos e determinantes, observou-se que não há alinhamento entre a escola-base de confiança e o paradigma teórico de redes sob o qual eles são avaliados. As métricas para verificação da confiança centram-se na percepção dos atores sobre alguns determinantes, especialmente relacionamento interpessoal, reputação e histórico de transações. Concluiu-se que a confiança, para ser efetiva, deve ser analisada por meio da combinação de fatores sociológicos e econômicos. A contribuição deste estudo consiste em ampliar a compreensão acerca da confiança em redes de negócios em sua perspectiva multidimensional, oferecendo definições e formas de mensuração que integrem simultaneamente aspectos econômicos e sociológicos.Palavras-chave: Redes de Negócio. Confiança. Paradigma Sociológico. Paradigma Econômico

Organizações de apoio no auxílio à governança em clusters competitivos

Objective: To analyze how support organizations act on governance, specifically on competitive factors: cluster-oriented outcome strategies, and evolutionary character through the introduction of technologies.Methodology / Approach: A multiple case study was carried out in the Health Sciences clusters of Ribeirão Preto - Brazil, and the Oxfordshire Health Science Cluster - England.Originality / Relevance: This study sheds light on support organizations' potential to develop activities that reinforce clusters' governance, especially concerning strategic direction and support for innovation.Main Results: The results show and reinforce the importance of support organizations for governance and their positive influence on competitiveness. In practical terms, it highlights the importance that such organizations have for the development of strategies that favor the community and promote and disseminate technological development in the region.Theoretical/methodological contributions: The work contributes theoretically by supporting, with evidence, the importance of support organizations for the cluster's governance, advancing the understanding of relationship network theory when considering the weakest ties in the competitiveness of clusters. The methodological and managerial benefit consists of offering a matrix of six activities that can be investigated in future research and/or used by the clusters' managers, indicating that such actions can and should include the support organizations.Objetivo: Analizar cómo actúan las organizaciones de apoyo en la gobernanza, específicamente en los factores competitivos: estrategias de resultados orientadas a clústeres y carácter evolutivo a través de la introducción de tecnologías.Metodología / Enfoque: Se realizó un estudio de caso múltiple en los clústeres de Ciencias de la Salud de Ribeirão Preto - Brasil, y el Clúster de Ciencias de la Salud de Oxfordshire - Inglaterra.Originalidad / Relevancia: Este estudio arroja luz sobre el potencial de las organizaciones de apoyo para desarrollar actividades que refuercen la gobernanza de los clústeres, especialmente en relación con la dirección estratégica y el apoyo a la innovación.Principales Resultados: Los resultados muestran y refuerzan la importancia de las organizaciones de apoyo a la gobernanza y su influencia positiva en la competitividad. En términos prácticos, destaca la importancia que tienen estas organizaciones para el desarrollo de estrategias que favorezcan a la comunidad, además de promover y difundir el desarrollo tecnológico en la región.Aportes teóricos/metodológicos: El trabajo contribuye teóricamente al respaldar, con evidencia, la importancia de las organizaciones de apoyo a la gobernanza del clúster; avanzar en la comprensión de la teoría de redes de relaciones, al considerar los lazos más débiles, en la competitividad de los clusters. El beneficio metodológico y gerencial consiste en ofrecer una matriz de seis actividades que pueden ser investigadas en futuras investigaciones y / o utilizadas por los gerentes de los clusters, indicando que tales acciones pueden y deben incluir a las organizaciones de apoyo.Objetivo: Analisar como as organizações de apoio atuam sobre a governança, especificamente nos fatores competitivos: estratégias de resultado orientadas para o cluster, e caráter evolucionário por introdução de tecnologias.Metodologia/Abordagem: Realizou-se um estudo de caso múltiplo nos clusters de Ciências da Saúde de Ribeirão Preto - Brasil, e o Oxfordshire Health Science Cluster – Inglaterra.Originalidade/Relevância: Este estudo lança luz sob o potencial das organizações de apoio no desenvolvimento de atividades que reforcem a governança dos clusters, sobretudo em relação ao direcionamento estratégico e ao apoio à inovação.Principais Resultados: Os resultados evidenciam e reforçam a importância das organizações de apoio para a governança e, sua influência positiva na competitividade. Em termos práticos evidencia a importância que tais organizações têm para o desenvolvimento de estratégias que favoreçam a coletividade, além de promover e disseminar o desenvolvimento tecnológico na região.Contribuições teóricas/metodológicas: O trabalho contribui teoricamente ao sustentar, com evidências, a importância das organizações de apoio para a governança do cluster; avançando a compreensão sobre a teoria das redes de relacionamento, quando se consideram os laços mais fracos, na competitividade dos clusters. O benefício metodológico e gerencial consiste na oferta de uma matriz de seis atividades que podem ser investigadas em pesquisas futuras e/ou utilizadas por gestores dos clusters, indicando que tais ações podem e devem incluir as organizações de apoio

INFECÇÕES DE SÍTIO CIRÚRGICO: INCIDÊNCIA E PERFIL DE RESISTÊNCIA ANTIMICROBIANA EM UNIDADE DE TERAPIA INTENSIVA

Objetivo: analisar a incidência das infecções de sítio cirúrgico e seu perfil de resistência microbiana em uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva. Método: trata-se de um estudo transversal, documental, descritivo. Foram incluídos na população de estudo 52 pacientes com infecção de sítio cirúrgico de um hospital universitário de Salvador, Bahia, no período de 2011 a 2013. Resultados: a idade, cor/raça e número de dias em UTI demonstraram relação estatisticamente significante para o desfecho. Dentre as cirurgias, a da especialidade cardíaca destacou-se em número de infecções; dentre as bactérias, as do tipo gram-negativas (Enterobacter e Escherichia) estavam em culturas de 75,39% dos casos, sendo mais resistentes às penicilinas; o desfecho mais frequente foi a alta da unidade. Conclusão: os estudos sobre essas infecções constituem um padrão importante para as unidades hospitalares que, na atualidade, enfrentam sérios riscos, especialmente relacionados ao uso e ao manejo de antibióticos com impacto no sistema de saúde. Descritores: Unidades de Terapia Intensiva. Infecção. Infecção do Sítio Cirúrgico. Resistência Bacteriana a Antibióticos

Immobilization of L-asparaginase towards surface-modified carbon nanotubes

L-asparaginase (LA) is an enzyme that catalyzes L-asparagine hydrolysis into L-aspartic acid and ammonia and is mainly applied in pharmaceutical and food industries. The LA currently commercialized for pharmaceutical purposes is produced from two main bacterial sources: recombinant Escherichia coli and Erwinia chrysanthemi. However, some disadvantages are associated with its free form, such as the shorter half-life. Immobilization of LA has been proposed as an efficient approach to overcome this limitation. In this work, a straightforward method, including the functionalization of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) through a hydrothermal oxidation treatment and the immobilization of LA by adsorption over pristine and modified MWCNTs was investigated. Different operation conditions, including pH, contact time, ASNase/MWCNT mass ratio, and the operational stability of the immobilized LA, were evaluated. The characterization of the LA-MWCNT bioconjugate was addressed using different techniques, namely Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Raman spectroscopy. Functionalized MWCNTs showed promising results, with an immobilization yield and a relative recovered activity of commercial LA above 95%, under the optimized adsorption conditions (pH 8, 60 min of contact, and 1.510–3 g.mL-1 of LA). The LA-MWCNT bioconjugate also showed improved enzyme operational stability (6 consecutive reaction cycles without activity loss), proving its suitability for application in industrial processes.publishe

Immobilization of L-asparaginase towards surface-modified carbon nanotubes

L-asparaginase (ASNase, EC 3.5.1.1) is an enzyme that catalyzes L-asparagine hydrolysis into L-aspartic acid and ammonia and is mainly applied in pharmaceutical and food industries [1]. The ASNase currently commercialized for pharmaceutical purposes is produced from two main bacterial sources: recombinant Escherichia coli and Erwinia chrysanthemi. However, some disadvantages are associated with its free form, such as the shorter half-life [2]. Immobilization of ASNase has been proposed as an efficient approach to overcome this limitation [3]. In this work, a straightforward method, including the functionalization of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) through a hydrothermal oxidation treatment with nitric acid, and the immobilization of ASNase by adsorption over pristine and modified MWCNTs was investigated. Different operation conditions, including pH, contact time, ASNase/MWCNT mass ratio, and the operational stability of the immobilized ASNase were evaluated. The characterization of the ASNase-MWCNT bioconjugate was addressed using different techniques, namely Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Raman spectroscopy. Functionalized MWCNTs showed promising results, with an immobilization yield and a relative recovered activity of commercial ASNase above 95%, under the optimized adsorption conditions (pH 8, 60 min of contact and 1.5´10–3 g.mL-1of ASNase). The ASNase-MWCNT bioconjugate also showed improved enzyme operational stability (6 consecutive reaction cycles without activity loss), proving its suitability for application in industrial processes.publishe

Superior operational stability of immobilized L-asparaginase over surface-modified carbon nanotubes

L-asparaginase (ASNase, EC 3.5.1.1) is an enzyme that catalyzes the L-asparagine hydrolysis into L-aspartic acid and ammonia, being mainly applied in pharmaceutical and food industries. However, some disadvantages are associated with its free form, such as the ASNase short half-life, which may be overcome by enzyme immobilization. In this work, the immobilization of ASNase by adsorption over pristine and modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) was investigated, the latter corresponding to functionalized MWCNTs through a hydrothermal oxidation treatment. Different operating conditions, including pH, contact time and ASNase/MWCNT mass ratio, as well as the operational stability of the immobilized ASNase, were evaluated. For comparison purposes, data regarding the ASNase immobilization with pristine MWCNT was detailed. The characterization of the ASNase-MWCNT bioconjugate was addressed using different techniques, namely Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Raman spectroscopy. Functionalized MWCNTs showed promising results, with an immobilization yield and a relative recovered activity of commercial ASNase above 95% under the optimized adsorption conditions (pH 8, 60 min of contact and 1.5 × 10-3 g mL-1 of ASNase). The ASNase-MWCNT bioconjugate also showed improved enzyme operational stability (6 consecutive reaction cycles without activity loss), paving the way for its use in industrial processes.publishe

Cidadania mediada : processos de democratização da política municipal no Brasil

This article discusses the notion that the persistence of &ldquo;traditional&rdquo; political practices weakens Brazil&rsquo;s democracy.Drawing on the cases of three Brazilian municipalities administered by the Workers&rsquo; Party (PT), the author examines the space between &ldquo;traditional&rdquo; and &ldquo;modern&rdquo; and argues that successful democratization does not eradicate practices such as clientelism and patronage, but it tends to incorporate and build on these traditional political elements. Moreover, the article maintains that the democratization of municipal politics is inextricably bound up with the eradication of poverty and the construction of a responsive, state-based social safety net.<br /

CORPORATE SOCIAL PERFORMANCE: Análise da Evolução do Construto nos Estudos Empíricos Publicados entre 1975 e 2014

Empirical research on Corporate Social Performance show a construct misalignment, leading to theoretical and operational imprecision. Facing this gap, the aim of this study was to analyze the evolution of the construct Corporate Social Performance in empirical studies published between 1975 and 2014, in order to I) identify the Corporate Social Performance concept predominant, II) raise the theoretical approach under which the studies were developed and iii) catalogue the Corporate Social Performance variables. The literature review addressed the main Corporate Social Performance models, discussing limitations of the construct. 105 papers from the ISI Web of Knowledge were analyzed and divided into descriptive analysis (year, periodic and methodological approach) and theoretical analysis (theoretical background, concepts and variables). As a result, it was found that the Corporate Social Performance construct has been developed without a pattern, although with a tendency to a mixed approach, involving social and stakeholders issues. The key variables considered were: environment, community and employees. Although the results point that there isn't a universal consensus on Corporate Social Performance, as a measure of performance, this construct must be employed under a conceptual premise in line with the objectives of each research. The contribution of this study is to show a contextual overview of the Corporate Social Performance construct, providing directions for future research development