NEDOVRŠENA SMRTONOSNA TREPANACIJA UTVRĐENA NA KREMIRANIM OSTACIMA (RIM, ITALIJA, II. ST.)

Background: An original case of incomplete (and reasonably fatal) human trepanation is described in this short paper. The diagnosis was made on the cremated remains of a young adult individual who died in Rome, Italy during the 2nd century AD. Clinical Presentation: The trepanation was incomplete, as death occurred quickly due to vascular lesions, according to the anatomic analysis of the bone piece. Comparable trepanation from Roman times are described and related to this case. Conclusion: Even if archaeological, this case highlights the possibility of such a diagnosis on post-fire fragmented bones. Very suggestive lesions of section are of great interest for the history of such a practice during classical Antiquity. Lastly, from a medical and forensic point of view, such a diagnosis may be of interest during any identification process and research for a cause of death during anthropological analyses.Uvod: Ovaj kratki rad opisuje izvorni slučaj nedovršene, fatalne trepanacije. Dijagnoza trepanacije postavljena je temeljem pregleda kremiranih ostataka mlade odrasle osobe umrle u II. stoljeću u Rimu. Klinička slika: Anatomskom analizom kostiju utvrđena je nedovršena trepanacija, vjerojatno zbog smrti koja je nastupila netom nakon početka zahvata kao posljedica oštećenja krvožilja. Uz to, prikazani nalaz uspoređuje se sa sličnim slučajevima trepanacije iz rimskog razdoblja. Zaključak: Iako temeljen na arheološkim ostacima, ovaj slučaj ističe mogućnost dijagnosticiranja trepanacije iz kremiranih i fragmetniranih koštanih ostataka. Sugestivna oštećenja utvrđena na koštanom materijalu od značajnog su interesa za povijest trepanacije u klasičnoj antici. Također, ovakav slučaj može biti od interesa medicinskoj struci tijekom identifikacijskih procesa i antropološkog utvrđivanja uzroka smrti iz koštanih ulomaka

Apports mutuels de l'archéologie aux problématiques médicales et médico-légales

This thesis aims to justify the interest and the fields of action of a systematic scientific collaboration between archeology and medicine and then to demonstrate the fluidity of such exchanges. Through various case studies, it is a question of serving human problematics in their entirety, without any spatial or temporal boundaries, involving museums, archaeological services, hospitals and institutions.Cette thèse sur articles vise à justifier l'intérêt et les champs d'actions d'une collaboration scientifique systématique entre l'archéologie et la médecine puis à démontrer la fluidité de tels échanges. Il s'agit, par le biais de diverses études de cas, de servir les problématiques humaines dans leur globalité, sans frontières spatiales ou temporelles, en faisant intervenir les musées, les services archéologiques, les hôpitaux et les institutions

Apports mutuels de l'archéologie aux problématiques médicales et médico-légales

This thesis aims to justify the interest and the fields of action of a systematic scientific collaboration between archeology and medicine and then to demonstrate the fluidity of such exchanges. Through various case studies, it is a question of serving human problematics in their entirety, without any spatial or temporal boundaries, involving museums, archaeological services, hospitals and institutions.Cette thèse sur articles vise à justifier l'intérêt et les champs d'actions d'une collaboration scientifique systématique entre l'archéologie et la médecine puis à démontrer la fluidité de tels échanges. Il s'agit, par le biais de diverses études de cas, de servir les problématiques humaines dans leur globalité, sans frontières spatiales ou temporelles, en faisant intervenir les musées, les services archéologiques, les hôpitaux et les institutions

Are museums the future of evolutionary medicine?

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Microbiome intestinal ancien et problématiques médicales contemporaines: Fæces vivos docent

International audienceHuman gut microbiome composition and diversity increasingly appear as a reliable marker of human evolution within his environment, and of health and its alteration (concept of dysbiosis); as a matter of fact, it can be considered as a strong marker of the disease status of individuals. Thus, in retrospect, the capacity to profile the gut microbiome would offer a great opportunity to identify individual and societal changes to which ancient populations were exposed. A global and diachronic view of the gut microbiome evolution is necessary in order to highlight the potential role of environmental factors or human habits in this process. However, to make the most of its contribution, archaeo-microbiology should aim at being as exhaustive as possible, encompassing parasites which have likely played a major role in the development of the mammalian immune system, and viruses.La composition et la diversité du microbiote intestinal humain apparaissent de plus en plus comme un marqueur fiable de l’évolution de l’homme dans son environnement, mais aussi de la santé et de son altération (c’est le concept de dysbiose). Il peut donc être considéré comme un marqueur puissant de l’état d’une pathologie rencontrée chez un individu. Ainsi, rétrospectivement, la possibilité de caractériser le microbiote intestinal des individus offrirait une excellente occasion d’identifier les changements individuels et sociétaux auxquels les populations anciennes ont été exposées. Une vision globale et environnementale de l’évolution du microbiote intestinal est donc nécessaire afin de mettre en évidence le rôle potentiel des facteurs environnementaux ou des habitudes humaines possiblement impliquées dans ces modifications évolutives. Cependant, pour tirer le meilleur parti de sa contribution, l’archéo-microbiologie doit être aussi exhaustive que possible, englobant virus et parasites qui ont vraisemblablement joué un rôle majeur dans le développement du système immunitaire des mammifères

Étude paléoparasitologique des latrines du Pavillon royal et du 3e Pavillon du Levant du Château de Marly

Parasitological analyses of the third Pavilion du Levant and the Royal Pavilion are in continuity with those carried out by Françoise Bouchet on the latrines of the second Pavilion du Levant, published in 1998. The initial objective is to confirm the excremental nature of these different deposits and then to reconstitute the health status and microbial population of the intestinal flora of the subjects of Louis XIV’s court. To answer this question, a large multidisciplinary scientific team intervened to carry out the various parasitological and molecular analyses. This first report sets out the means put in place as well as the results relating to optical microscopy, toxicological and metagenomic data

Re-emerging infectious diseases from the past: Hysteria or real risk?

International audienceBACKGROUND:Work on human remains and old biological samples is a potential source of contamination by conventional or atypical infectious agents. Similarly, current and future environmental changes are a source of resurgence of ancient epidemic diseases. To what extent are anthropologists sorcerer apprentices (especially those working on ancient samples, i.e. paleo-anthropologists)? Are ancient skeletons, palaeosols and museum objects with a biological component at risk for current populations? Unless there are unfounded fears and undue risk… What can be learned from the recent scientific literature and the common sense of the researchers?METHODS:We have attempted to compile data from the literature and from our personal experience in the fields of anthropology, clinical medicine and epidemiology, in order to grasp the reality of the risk to the human population.RESULTS:It appears that the risk is real, but extremely limited. Specific and simple protective measures must be taken in terms of overall and individual health, both in the field and in the laboratory.CONCLUSION:These data are important for the internist, due to the possibility of atypical infections, both in specialized workers and in populations at risk (environmental context)

The brain of René Descartes (1650): A neuro-anatomical analysis

International audienceThe skull of René Descartes is held in the National Museum of Natural History since the 19th c. Up to date, only anthropological examinations were carried out, focusing on the cranial capacity and phrenological interpretation of the skull morphology. Using CT-scan based 3D technology, a reconstruction of the endocast was performed, allowing for its first complete description and inter-disciplinary analysis: assessment of metrical and non-metrical features, retrospective diagnosis of anatomical anomalies, and confrontation with neuro-psychological abilities of this well-identified individual

The brain of René Descartes (1650): A neuro-anatomical analysis

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Scurvy complicated with Capnocytophaga sputigena sepsis as a possible cause of death of king saint-louis of France (1270 AD)

International audienceThe cause of death of Saint-Louis is not known, but recent findings indicated that he presented scurvy and inflammatory jaw disease, which has been associated with infection by oral commensals. Here, we have the exceptional opportunity to analyze the relics of the viscera of King Saint-Louis. A 4.3 g sample from the viscera relics of King Saint-Louis conserved in Versailles’ cathedral was subjected to radiocarbon dating, electronic and optic microscopy, and elementary, palynological, molecular, proteomics and microbiological analyses including specific PCR and v3v4 16 S rRNA gene amplification prior to large-scale sequencing using an Illumina MiSeq instrument. The measured radiocarbon age was Cal 1290 CE–1400, which was compatible with that of the viscera of St Louis viscera, considering the addition of lime, incense and vegetables within the human organs. Elemental and palynological analyses confirmed a medieval embalming process. Proteomics analysis identified mainly human muscle and blood proteins. Specific PCR for plague, amoebiasis, shigellosis and typhoid fever was negative. C. sputigena was identified as the main pathogenic species representing 10.8 % of all microbial sequences. In contrast, C. sputigena was found in only 0.001 % of samples sequenced in our center, and the 23 positive human samples showed a dramatically lower abundance (0.02–2.6 %). In the literature, human infections with C. sputigena included odontitis, dental abscess, sinusitis, thoracic infections and bacteremia, particularly in immunocompromised patients with oral and dental diseases consistent with recent analysis of King Saint-Louis’ jaw. C. sputigena, a commensal of the mouth that is potentially pathogenic and responsible for fatal bacteremia, may have been the cause of the king's death