Quasi-static liquid–air drainage in narrow channels with variations in the gap

This paper studies the shape of an air bubble quasi-statically flowing in the longitudinal direction of narrow channels. Two bottom topographies are treated, i.e., linear and quadratic variations of the gap along the transverse direction. This work analyses the main characteristics of the gas–liquid interface with respect to the wedge aspect ratio. From the convergence of asymptotic, numerical and experimental analyses, we found simple dependences for the finger width and total curvature as a function of channel aspect ratio. These results provide simple and general expressions for the pressure drop needed to overcome capillary forces and push the air finger inside the channel

Mercury, hydroquinone and clobetasol propionate in skin lightening products in West Africa and Canada

Skin lightening products are types of cosmetics (creams, gels, lotions and soaps) applied voluntarily on skin. Several of these products contain a variety of active ingredients that are highly toxic. Among those toxic agents, the present study focuses on mercury, hydroquinone, and clobetasol propionate. Out of the 93 lightening soaps and 98 creams purchased in large city markets in sub-Saharan West Africa and in small ethnic shops in Canada, 68 to 84% of all creams and 7.5 to 65% of all soaps exceeded regulatory guidelines for at least one active ingredient when considering different regulations. Mercury was found in high concentrations mainly in soaps, while hydroquinone and clobetasol propionate concentrations exceeded US FDA standards in some creams for all countries included in our study. Concentrations of the three compounds declared on labels of soaps and creams usually did not correspond to concentrations actually measured, particularly for mercury and hydroquinone. Overall, our results indicate that most studied skin-lightening products are potentially toxic and that product labels are frequently inaccurate with respect to the presence of toxic agents

Photodemethylation of methylmercury in Eastern Canadian Arctic thaw pond and lake ecosystems

Permafrost thaw ponds of the warming Eastern Canadian Arctic are major landscape constituents and often display high levels of methylmercury (MeHg). We examined photodegradation potentials in high-dissolved organic matter (DOC) thaw ponds on Bylot Island (BYL) and a low-DOC oligotrophic lake on Cornwallis Island (Char Lake). In BYL, the ambient MeHg photodemethylation (PD) rate over 48 h of solar exposure was 6.1 × 10–3 m2 E–1, and the rate in MeHg amended samples was 9.3 × 10–3 m2 E–1. In contrast, in low-DOC Char Lake, PD was only observed in the first 12 h, which suggests that PD may not be an important loss process in polar desert lakes. Thioglycolic acid addition slowed PD, while glutathione and chlorides did not impact northern PD rates. During an ecosystem-wide experiment conducted in a covered BYL pond, there was neither net MeHg increase in the dark nor loss attributable to PD following re-exposure to sunlight. We propose that high-DOC Arctic thaw ponds are more prone to MeHg PD than nearby oligotrophic lakes, likely through photoproduction of reactive species rather than via thiol complexation. However, at the ecosystem level, these ponds, which are widespread through the Arctic, remain likely sources of MeHg for neighboring systems

Étude de l'influence d'un KO en PTHRP ou en PTH1R sur le niveau d'expression des protéines de manutention du calcium dans le placenta de souris

Le peptide apparenté à la parathormone (PTHrP) est un régulateur important du transport de calcium placentaire durant la gestation. Une concentration adéquate de calcium est requise afin d'assurer la croissance et le bon développement du foetus. Dans la présente étude, l'impact d'une délétion en PTHrP ou en son récepteur (PTH1R) a été mesuré dans le placenta de souris. L'usage d'un tel modèle animal a permis d'évaluer l'importance de la PTHrP dans le transport de calcium placentaire mais également les répercussions de telles délétions sur l'expression d'ARNm des protéines de manutention du calcium («calcium handling proteins») présentes dans le placenta (TRPVs, CaBPs, PMCAs, NCXs, TCTP et VDR). Les mesures de calcium ionisé récoltées dans le sang foetal et maternel ont été effectuées in situ en utilisant un analyseur à électrolytes et de sang total. L'évaluation des niveaux d'expression d'ARNm des différentes protéines de manutention du calcium a été rendue possible grâce à la technique de PCR en temps réel. Les résultats obtenus ont démontré que la perte en PTHrP ou en PTH1R engendre une réduction significative du calcium ionisé dans la circulation foetale. Le niveau de calcium ionisé mesuré, chez les foetus ayant subi une délétion en PTHrP ou en PTH1R, est inférieur à celui de la souche sauvage mais équivalent à celui des mères. Dans les placentas de souris délétées en PTHrP, l'expression des gènes de TRPV6 et de TCTP est augmentée contrairement à celle des placentas de la souche sauvage. La délétion du récepteur PTH1R a eu une influence remarquable sur l'expression des médiateurs de calcium CaBP-9k et TCTP mais également sur le récepteur à la vitamine D (VDR). Toujours en comparaison avec les placentas de la souche sauvage, le TCTP et le VDR se sont vus réprimés dans les placentas délétés en PTH1R. L'expression du TRPV5, responsable de l'intrusion du calcium dans le placenta, a également été réduite. D'un autre côté, l'expression d'ARNm de la CaBP-9k a doublé par rapport au niveau d'expression basal lors d'une dysfonction du récepteur. Ces données démontrent donc que la TRPV6 et le TCTP sont les principales protéines de manutention du calcium réagissant à une délétion de la PTHrP. Dans les placentas délétés en PTH1R, aucune variation dans l'expression des ARNm des canaux responsables de l'expulsion du calcium vers la circulation foetale (les PMCA et les NCX) a été remarquée. Pour ce qui est de l'expression de l'ARNm des TRPV, responsables de l'entrée de calcium vers le placenta, elle s'est vue diminuer pour TRPV5 mais inchangée pour TRPV6. Encore une fois, dans ces placentas, l'expression des médiateurs de calcium intracellulaire a été réduite pour le TCTP, inchangée pour la CaBP-28k mais augmentée dans le cas de la CaBP-9k. En conclusion, le transport de calcium placentaire est sans aucun doute réduit lors d'une délétion en PTHrP ou en PTH1R. L'expression des ARNm des protéines de manutention du calcium présentes dans le placenta varie suite à la perte de la PTHrP ou du récepteur PTH1R. Étonnamment, aucune modification significative n'a été constatée dans l'expression des ARNm des protéines responsables de l'extrusion du calcium. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Placenta, Calcium, PTHrP, PTH1R, «Calcium handling proteins»

Factors affecting methylmercury biomagnification by a widespread aquatic invertebrate predator, the phantom midge larvae Chaoborus

MeHg biomagnification by the phantom midge Chaoborus in relation to MeHg concentrations in their prey and its migratory behavior was investigated in two Canadian Precambrian Shield lakes. Three Chaoborus species with contrasted migratory behavior were collected in a fishless and a fish-inhabited lake. All species accumulated MeHg through their ontogenic development. In the lake inhabited by fish, all instars of Chaoborus punctipennis displayed a marked migratory behavior and were unable to biomagnify MeHg, whereas in the fishless lake, Chaoborus americanus and Chaoborus trivittatus biomagnified MeHg. Reduced biomagnification capacity of C. trivittatus, the coexisting species living with C. americanus, was also ascribed to a progressive vertical segregation with age. Growth dilution, amount and type of prey items or trophic position could not explain the different patterns of biomagnification. Our findings demonstrate that the most common invertebrate predator of temperate planktonic food webs can biomagnify mercury, contrarily to previous reports

Differential effects of plant root systems on nickel, copper and silver bioavailability in contaminated soil

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of diverse plant species (four herbaceous and four woody species) on the labile pool of six metals (Ag, Cu, Pd, Zn, Ni and Se) present in their rhizosphere. After three months of cultivation, concentrations of trace elements (TE) in above and below-ground biomass of each species were determined. The labile and presumably bioavailable fraction of these TE in the rhizosphere as well as key soil parameters (e.g. pH, electrical conductivity (EC), percent of organic matter and dissolved organic carbon (DOC)) were also measured and compared as a function of plant species. The concentration of TE in plant tissues differed among species. In general and as expected, concentrations were higher in root tissues of tested plants than in above-ground tissues. While the labile pool of several TE in the rhizosphere, notably Ag, Ni, and Cu, was significantly and differently affected by the presence of the plants, pH, EC and percentage of organic matter remained unchanged. In contrast, DOC was higher in the rhizosphere of all tested plants than in soil of the control pots without plants. In addition, there was a positive relationship between Ni and Cu availability concentrations, and DOC levels. This suggests that root systems of different species can have a distinct influence on soil DOC and consequently modify the labile pools of Ni and Cu in the rhizosphere. These findings have important implications for plant selection in phytoremediation projects

Cooking and co-ingested polyphenols reduce in vitro methylmercury bioaccessibility from fish and may alter exposure in humans

Fish consumption is a major pathway for mercury exposure in humans. Current guidelines and risk assessments assume that 100% of methylmercury (MeHg) in fish is absorbed by the human body after ingestion. However, a growing body of literature suggests that this absorption rate may be overestimated. We used an in vitro digestion method to measure MeHg bioaccessibility in commercially-purchased fish, and investigated the effects of dietary practices on MeHg bioaccessibility. Cooking had the greatest effect, decreasing bioaccessibility on average to 12.5 ± 5.6%. Polyphenol-rich beverages also significantly reduced bioaccessibility to 22.7 ± 3.8% and 28.6 ± 13.9%, for green and black tea respectively. We confirmed the suspected role of polyphenols in tea as being a driver of MeHg's reduced bioaccessibility, and found that epicatechin, epigallocatechin gallate, rutin and cafeic acid could individually decrease MeHg bioaccessibility by up to 55%. When both cooking and polyphenol-rich beverage treatments were combined, only 1% of MeHg remained bioaccessible. These results call for in vivo validation, and suggest that dietary practices should be considered when setting consumer guidelines for MeHg. More realistic risk assessments could promote consumption of fish as a source of fatty acids, which can play a protective role against cardiovascular disease

Understanding food web mercury accumulation through trophic transfer and carbon processing along a river affected by recent run-of-river dams

Unlike large dams which favor methylation of Hg in flooded soils over long periods, run-of-river dams are designed to flood a limited area of soils and are therefore not expected to significantly affect mercury (Hg) cycling or carbon processing. We studied the Hg and carbon cycles within food webs from several sectors along the Saint-Maurice River, Quebec, Canada, that differ in how they are influenced by two run-of-river dams and other watershed disturbances. We observed peak Hg concentrations in fish five-year postimpoundment, but these levels were reduced three years after this peak. Methylmercury concentrations in low trophic level fish and invertebrates were related to their carbon source (δ13C) rather than their trophic positions (δ15N). Biomagnification, measured by trophic magnification slopes, was driven mainly by methylmercury concentrations in low-trophic level organisms and environmental factors related to organic matter degradation and Hg-methylation. River sectors, δ13C and δ15N, predicted up to 80% of the variability in food web methylmercury concentrations. The installation of run-of-river dams and the related pondages, in association with other watershed disturbances, altered carbon processing, promoted Hg-methylation and its accumulation at the base of the food web, and led to a temporary increase in Hg levels in fish

Fate and trophic transfer of rare earth elements in temperate lake food webs

Many mining projects targeting rare earth elements (REE) are in development in North America, but the background concentrations and trophic transfer of these elements in natural environments have not been well characterized. We sampled abiotic and food web components in 14 Canadian temperate lakes unaffected by mines to assess the natural ecosystem fate of REE. Individual REE and total REE concentrations (sum of individual element concentrations, ΣREE) were strongly related with each other throughout different components of lake food webs. Dissolved organic carbon and dissolved oxygen in the water column, as well as ΣREE in sediments, were identified as potential drivers of aqueous ΣREE. Log10 of median bioaccumulation factors ranged from 1.3, 3.7, 4.0, and 4.4 L/kg (wet weight) for fish muscle, zooplankton, predatory invertebrates, and nonpredatory invertebrates, respectively. [ΣREE] in fish, benthic macroinvertebrates, and zooplankton declined as a function of their trophic position, as determined by functional feeding groups and isotopic signatures of nitrogen (δ15N), indicating that REE were subject to trophic dilution. Low concentrations of REE in freshwater fish muscle compared to their potential invertebrate prey suggest that fish fillet consumption is unlikely to be a significant source of REE to humans in areas unperturbed by mining activities. However, other fish predators (e.g., piscivorous birds and mammals) may accumulate REE from whole fish as they are more concentrated than muscle. Overall, this study provides key information on the baseline concentrations and trophic patterns for REE in freshwater temperate lakes in Quebec, Canada

Mobilization and transformation of mercury across a dammed boreal river are linked to carbon processing and hydrology

Reservoirs are known to accelerate the mobilization and cycling of mercury and carbon as aresult of flooding of terrestrial organic matter, which can lead to environmental concerns at local andbroader spatial scales. We explored the covariation of mercury (Hg) and carbon (C) functional pools innatural and recently dammed portions of the aquatic network of the Romaine River watershed in NorthernQuebec, Canada, to understand how the fate of these elements varies across systems with contrastinghydrology and environmental conditions. We found that total Hg (THg) concentrations in surface waterswere relatively constant along the network, whereas both the concentrations and proportions of MeHgtended to increase in reservoirs compared to surrounding nonooded systems, and along the cascade ofreservoirs. Whereas THg was related to total and terrestrial pools of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), MeHgwas weakly related to DOC but strongly linked to surface concentrations of CO2, as well as toconcentrations of iron and manganese. The latter are proxies of cumulative organic matter processing withinthe network, presumably in anoxic portions of shallow bays, deep reservoir waters, and river sediments,as well as in prior seasons (e.g., under ice). Our results suggest that these deep boreal reservoirs acted more astransformation sites for Hg that was already present than as mobilizers of new Hg, and that under icemetabolism plays a role in MeHg production in these systems as we found strong dichotomies in MeHgpatterns between spring and summer