Survey of Treponemal Infections in Free-Ranging and Captive Macaques, 1999-2012.

Survey results showed treponemal infection among pet macaques in Southeast Asia, a region with a high prevalence of human yaws. This finding, along with studies showing treponemal infection in nonhuman primates in Africa, should encourage a One Health approach to yaws eradication and surveillance activities, possibly including monitoring of nonhuman primates in yaws-endemic regions

Review of GPS Collar Deployments and Performance on Nonhuman Primates

Over the past twenty years, GPS collars have emerged as powerful tools for the study of nonhuman primate (hereafter, "primate") movement ecology. As the size and cost of GPS collars have decreased and performance has improved, it is timely to review the use and success of GPS collar deployments on primates to date. Here we compile data on deployments and performance of GPS collars by brand and examine how these relate to characteristics of the primate species and field contexts in which they were deployed. The compiled results of 179 GPS collar deployments across 17 species by 16 research teams show these technologies can provide advantages, particularly in adding to the quality, quantity, and temporal span of data collection. However, aspects of this technology still require substantial improvement in order to make deployment on many primate species pragmatic economically. In particular, current limitations regarding battery lifespan relative to collar weight, the efficacy of remote drop-off mechanisms, and the ability to remotely retrieve data need to be addressed before the technology is likely to be widely adopted. Moreover, despite the increasing utility of GPS collars in the field, they remain substantially more expensive than VHF collars and tracking via handheld GPS units, and cost considerations of GPS collars may limit sample sizes and thereby the strength of inferences. Still, the overall high quality and quantity of data obtained, combined with the reduced need for on-the-ground tracking by field personnel, may help defray the high equipment cost. We argue that primatologists armed with the information in this review have much to gain from the recent, substantial improvements in GPS collar technology

Legislative Documents

Also, variously referred to as: House bills; House documents; House legislative documents; legislative documents; General Court documents

Table S1. Data summary table with outlier test z-scores from Mammalian chromosome–telomere length dynamics

Bolded z-scores indicate outlier values of > 2.68 or < -2.68

Figure S1 from Mammalian chromosome–telomere length dynamics

Phylogenetic tree of species from Gomes et al. (29) for which mean chromosome size (Mbp) could be calculated. Telomere length (TL) is given in kilobases. Tree is colored according to super order with orders delineated by alternating light and dark shades within each color block. Asterisk* denotes outlier

Multi-generational human provisioning predicts longer telomere length in Bali’s temple macaques (Macaca fascicularis), consistent with the ‘thrifty telomere’ hypothesis

There is mounting evidence to suggest that short telomere length (TL) increases an organism’s susceptibility to disease and accelerates aging. However, it is not well understood why these effects do not select for longer telomeres. The ‘thrifty telomere’ hypothesis suggests one possibility: while longer telomeres improve an organism’s ability to repair tissue through less constrained cell proliferation, cell proliferation requires energy that might be more adaptively used for other physiological processes. Thus, natural selection may favor shorter telomeres in low resource environments. Here we present an experimental assessment of the thrifty telomere hypothesis carried out across urban long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) in Bali, Indonesia and Singapore. Groups of macaques in Bali have been variably provisioned by humans for over 1000 years and are somewhat genetically distinct. Thus, current provisioning levels likely index past natural selection. Conversely, in Singapore, groups are less genetically distinct, and regular human contact/provisioning is a much more recent phenomenon. Therefore, differences across Singaporean groups are more likely to be due to environmental exposures affecting TL within a generation. We measured TL in 168 wild macaques from across both islands. Two different measures of anthropogenic contact were collected from the Bali and Singapore animals. Consistent with the thrifty telomere hypothesis, we observed a positive association between TL and anthropogenic contact within Bali, but not Singapore. Inconsistent with predictions, there were no differences in TL across islands. These results provide tentative support for the thrifty telomere hypothesis, suggesting that increased energetic availability may allow selection for longer telomeres

Macacine Herpesvirus 1 Antibody Prevalence and DNA Shedding among Invasive Rhesus Macaques, Silver Springs State Park, Florida, USA

We compiled records on macacine herpesvirus 1 (McHV-1) seroprevalence and, during 2015–2016, collected saliva and fecal samples from the free-ranging rhesus macaques of Silver Springs State Park, a popular public park in central Florida, USA, to determine viral DNA shedding and perform sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis of the US5 and US5-US6 intragenic sequence from free-ranging and laboratory McHV-1 variants did not reveal genomic differences. In animals captured during 2000–2012, average annual seroprevalence was 25% ± 9 (mean ± SD). We found 4%–14% (95% CI 2%–29%) of macaques passively sampled during the fall 2015 mating season shed McHV-1 DNA orally. We did not observe viral shedding during the spring or summer or from fecal samples. We conclude that these macaques can shed McHV-1, putting humans at risk for exposure to this potentially fatal pathogen. Management plans should be put in place to limit transmission of McHV-1 from these macaques

Evolutionary relationships of Macaca fascicularis fascicularis (Raffles 1821) (Primates: Cercopithecidae) from Singapore revealed by Bayesian analysis of mitochondrial DNA sequences

Schillaci, Michael A., Klegarth, Amy R., Switzer, William M., Shattuck, Milena R., Lee, Benjamin P. Y-H., Hollocher, Hope (2017): Evolutionary relationships of Macaca fascicularis fascicularis (Raffles 1821) (Primates: Cercopithecidae) from Singapore revealed by Bayesian analysis of mitochondrial DNA sequences. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 65: 3-19, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.535578

Mitogenomics of macaques (Macaca) across Wallace\u27s Line in the context of modern human dispersals

© 2020 The Author(s) Wallace\u27s Line demarcates a biogeographical boundary between the Indomalaya and Australasian ecoregions. Most placental mammalian genera, for example, occur to the west of this line, whereas most marsupial genera occur to the east. However, macaque monkeys are unusual because they naturally occur on both western and eastern sides. To further explore this anomalous distribution, we analyzed 222 mitochondrial genomes from ∼20 macaque species, including new genomes from 60 specimens. These comprise a population sampling of most Sulawesi macaques, Macaca fascicularis (long-tailed macaques) specimens that were collected by Alfred R. Wallace and specimens that were recovered during archaeological excavations at Liang Bua, a cave on the Indonesian island of Flores. In M. fascicularis, three mitochondrial lineages span the southernmost portion of Wallace\u27s Line between Bali and Lombok, and divergences within these lineages are contemporaneous with, and possibly mediated by, past dispersals of modern human populations. Near the central portion of Wallace\u27s Line between Borneo and Sulawesi, a more ancient dispersal of macaques from mainland Asia to Sulawesi preceded modern human colonization, which was followed by rapid dispersal of matrilines and was subsequently influenced by recent interspecies hybridization. In contrast to previous studies, we find no strong signal of recombination in most macaque mitochondrial genomes. These findings further characterize macaque evolution before and after modern human dispersal throughout Southeast Asia and point to possible effects on biodiversity of ancient human cultural diasporas