156 research outputs found
Optimizing Research Methods to Understand HIV-Exposed Uninfected Infant and Child Morbidity: Report of the Second HEU Infant and Child Workshop
CITATION: Slogrove, A. L., et al. 2016. Optimizing research methods to understand HIV-exposed uninfected infant and child morbidity : report of the second HEU infant and child workshop. Frontiers in Immunology, 7:576, doi:10.3389/fimmu.2016.00576.The original publication is available at http://journal.frontiersin.orgThe first HIV Exposed Uninfected (HEU) Infant and Child Workshop was held in Vancouver in July
2015, hosted by the Child and Family Research Institute at the British Columbia Children’s Hospital
and University of British Columbia. This event brought together 50 clinicians, epidemiologists, and
basic scientists to review current knowledge of HEU infants, their clinical course, immunologic
differences, and risk for neurodevelopmental and infectious morbidity. This Frontiers in Immunology
Research Topic, “Immune mechanisms underlying the increased morbidity and mortality of HIVexposed
uninfected (HEU) children,” is a product of the first HEU workshop synthesizing the
evidence in the field. It was clear from the first workshop that there is a committed community of
researchers who have identified the need to understand the mechanisms of increased morbidity and
mortality in HEU infants and children, but evidence to intervene and mitigate these risks is lacking.
In high HIV burden countries, all infants and children, irrespective of HIV exposure, are
vulnerable to high rates of infant and child mortality (1). In this context, the essential question
is whether HEU children are any different than HIV-unexposed uninfected (HUU) children
experiencing similar nutritional, environmental, and social constraints to health. To this end,
particular research methodological principles require reinforcing in future HEU research. It was
these methodological challenges and possible solutions that formed the theme of the second HEU
Infant and Child Workshop attended by 75 HEU researchers and hosted by the KwaZulu-Natal
Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV at the University of KwaZulu-Natal in Durban, South
Africa. We report on the specific methodological challenges tackled during the workshop and
steps to move forward.http://journal.frontiersin.org/journal/immunology/section/hiv-and-aids#aboutPublisher's versio
HIV sero-conversion during late pregnancy – when to retest
The South African National Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV programme has resulted in significant reductions in vertical transmission, but new infant HIV infections continue to occur. We present two cases of HIV seroconversion during late pregnancy, demonstrating the limitations of the current programme. These could be mitigated by expanding the programme to include maternal testing at delivery and at immunisation clinic visits as we pursue the elimination of mother-to-child transmission
Flint’s Children: Narratives on Hope
Hope plays an important role in resiliency, well-being, and buffering against adversity. To explore children’s experiences with hope while developing in low-income communities, we conducted interviews with twenty-one children residing in Flint, Michigan, ages 9-12 years. Research questions focused on the specific hopes children have, the importance they ascribe to different hopes, and their experiences of feeling hopeful or less hopeful about desired outcomes. Children expressed interrelated hopes across multiple social-ecological domains, including hopes for themselves, hopes for their interpersonal relationships, and hopes for the community. Children placed particular importance on their hopes of helping others, which included providing for their families and aiding others in the community. Children, however, expressed uncertainty regarding their hopes related to career aspirations, academic achievement, financial stability, and obtaining basic needs. Our findings expand upon what is known about children’s internal dialogues with feeling hopeful or less hopeful about desired outcomes in low-income communities. These findings can enhance community and school-based programming so they further align with the specific hopes that children have, and attune to areas in which children in impoverished communities are most in need of hope-engendering strategies
Transnational Governance as Contested Institution-Building: China, Merchants, and Contract Rules in the Cotton Trade
We are in an era of uncertainty over whose rules will govern global economic integration. With the growing market share of Chinese firms and the power of the Chinese state it is unclear if Western firms will continue to dominate transnational governance. Exploring these dynamics through a study of contract rules in the global cotton trade, this article conceptualizes commodity chain governance as a contested process of institution-building. To this end, the global commodity chain/global value chain (GCC/GVC) framework must be revised to better account for the broader institutional context of commodity chain governance, institutional variation across space, and strategic action in the construction of legitimate governance arrangements. I provide a more dynamic model of GCC governance that stresses how strategic action, existing institutions, and dominant discourses intersect as firms and states compete for institutional power within a commodity chain. This advances our understandings of how commodity chain governance emerges and changes over time
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Kernochan Center for Law, Media and the Arts Panel Transcript: Who’s Left Holding the [Brand Name] Bag? Secondary Liability for Trademark Infringement on the Internet
Proposed Secondary Liability Regimes for Trademark Infringement Online: Commentary
JANE GINSBURG: This is our last panel, and the object is to bring a number of experts, including practitioners and academics, from the United States and from abroad, to react to the two proposals that we just heard. Each of the panelists will give initial comments, and then we are going to go around the table again so that our panelists can react to one another’s comments
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