Emulsification of Hydrocarbons Using Biosurfactant Producing Strains Isolated from Contaminated Soil in Puebla, Mexico

Among Mexico's main riches are its oil and the great expanses of land used to grow food. A large number of pipelines pass through Mexico's agricultural region carrying diesel, gasoline or crude oil, however, lack of maintenance of the pipeline installations, fuel theft, vehicle transport and even the topographical, terrain and hydrological conditions of the site cause a high incidence of contamination

University Issues. Year 4. Number 4. Journal of the Center for Research in Social Sciences and Arts

Las opiniones expresadas en los artículos de esta revista no vinculan a la institución sino que son de exclusiva responsabilidad de los autores, dentor de los principios democráticos de cátedra libre y libertad de expresión, consagrados en el artículo 3 del estatuto general de la Corporación Autónoma de Bucaramanga.Presentación. - 5 Investigación científica y tecnológica. - Percepciones culturales actuales con perspectiva de género de un grupo de estudiantes y docentes universitarios. - 9 Apropiación social de las TIC en los colectivos audiovisuales comunitarios de Colombia. - 25 Propuesta metodológica con apoyo de algunas herramientas web 2.0 para potenciar habilidades investigativas en estudiantes de educación básica secundaria. -36 La narrativa: una estrategia para el desarrollo de vocabulario en inglés. - 52 La banda del Conservatorio de la Universidad de Antioquia y la actividad musical de Medellín, 1955-1970. - 62 Lo inolvidable en el bolsillo. - 80 Comprendiendo el modo emergente de la comunicación. - 92 An oview of second lenguaje acquisition theories. - 106 Entre la mímesis y los espejos: nuevas consideraciones sobre la representación de la realidad en el cne y el teatro. - 114 Gobierno, educación, medios de comunicación y ciudadanos: actores llamados a forjar el valor de la democracia. - 124 Ventanas como mundos o mundos como ventanas. - 130 Anexos. - Educando miradas. - 140 Normas para la presentación de artículos. - 141The opinions expressed in the articles of this journal do not bind the institution but are the exclusive responsibility of the authors, within the democratic principles of free teaching and freedom of expression, enshrined in article 3 of the general statute of the Autonomous Corporation of Bucaramanga

Role of age and comorbidities in mortality of patients with infective endocarditis

[Purpose]: The aim of this study was to analyse the characteristics of patients with IE in three groups of age and to assess the ability of age and the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) to predict mortality. [Methods]: Prospective cohort study of all patients with IE included in the GAMES Spanish database between 2008 and 2015.Patients were stratified into three age groups:<65 years,65 to 80 years,and ≥ 80 years.The area under the receiver-operating characteristic (AUROC) curve was calculated to quantify the diagnostic accuracy of the CCI to predict mortality risk. [Results]: A total of 3120 patients with IE (1327 < 65 years;1291 65-80 years;502 ≥ 80 years) were enrolled.Fever and heart failure were the most common presentations of IE, with no differences among age groups.Patients ≥80 years who underwent surgery were significantly lower compared with other age groups (14.3%,65 years; 20.5%,65-79 years; 31.3%,≥80 years). In-hospital mortality was lower in the <65-year group (20.3%,<65 years;30.1%,65-79 years;34.7%,≥80 years;p < 0.001) as well as 1-year mortality (3.2%, <65 years; 5.5%, 65-80 years;7.6%,≥80 years; p = 0.003).Independent predictors of mortality were age ≥ 80 years (hazard ratio [HR]:2.78;95% confidence interval [CI]:2.32–3.34), CCI ≥ 3 (HR:1.62; 95% CI:1.39–1.88),and non-performed surgery (HR:1.64;95% CI:11.16–1.58).When the three age groups were compared,the AUROC curve for CCI was significantly larger for patients aged <65 years(p < 0.001) for both in-hospital and 1-year mortality. [Conclusion]: There were no differences in the clinical presentation of IE between the groups. Age ≥ 80 years, high comorbidity (measured by CCI),and non-performance of surgery were independent predictors of mortality in patients with IE.CCI could help to identify those patients with IE and surgical indication who present a lower risk of in-hospital and 1-year mortality after surgery, especially in the <65-year group

Afectaciones y consecuencias de los derrames de hidrocarburos en suelos agrícolas de Acatzingo, Puebla, México.

In México there are extensive areas of soils contaminated by hyrocarbons, due to the tasks of exploration and refining, and from lack of maintenance and fuel theft. The contaminated soils are altered in their physical-chemical and biological characteristics, and the social scope is also affected as a result. In the state of Puebla there are gas pipelines that run through localities, among them Acatzingo, where several spills have been detected. This study had the objective of exploring the impacts and consequences of recent hydrocarbon spills in Acatzingo and its surroundings, from the perspective of the peasants. Qualitative research was performed with a transversal design with nine informants, two ejido commissioners and six ejidatarios; all of them with soils affected by spills. Aprioristic and emerging categories were defined. Those interviewed mentioned that there has been an increase in the frequency of the spills due to fuel theft, causing human, patrimonial and ecologic damages; likewise, the producers do not have the information necessary regarding the preventive or reactive security measures, and there is no manner of organization among them that would allow them to have attention from specialists to face a contingency in a safer way, so that the creation of a safety culture is important, as well as the integration of networks for localities that are located near gas pipelines.En México existen extensas áreas de suelos contaminados por hidrocarburos, debido a las tareas de exploración, refinación, falta de mantenimiento y robo de combustible. Los suelos contaminados son alterados en sus características físicoquímicas y biológicas, con lo que afectan el ámbito social. En el estado de Puebla existen gasoductos que atraviesan localidades; entre ellas se encuentra Acatzingo, donde se han detectado varios derrames. La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo explorar las afectaciones y consecuencias de los derrames de hidrocarburos recientes en Acatzingo y sus alrededores, desde la perspectiva de los campesinos. Se realizó una investigación cualitativa con un diseño transversal con nueve informantes, dos comisarios ejidales y seis ejidatarios; todos ellos con suelos afectados por derrames. Se definieron categorías apriorísticas y emergentes. Los entrevistados mencionaron que se ha incrementado la frecuencia de derrames debido al robo de combustible, ocasionando daños humanos, al patrimonio y ecológicos; asimismo, los productores no cuentan con la información necesaria sobre medidas de seguridad preventiva o reactiva, y no hay ningún tipo de organización entre ellos que les permitiera tener una atención de especialistas para enfrentar una eventualidad de manera más segura, por lo que es importante la creación de una cultura de la seguridad y la integración de redes para localidades que están ubicadas cerca de los gasoductos

Bacillus pumilus and Paenibacillus lautus effectivity in the process of biodegradation of diesel isolated from hydrocarbons contaminated agricultural soils

In Mexico, one of the principal natural resources is oil, however, the activity related to it has generated hydrocarbon spills on agricultural soils. The aim of this study was to evaluate the biodegradability of diesel by means of indigenous bacteria isolated from agricultural soil contaminated with 68 900 mg kg-1 diesel. We examined indigenous bacterial strains in agricultural soils contaminated with diesel from Acatzingo, Puebla, Mexico. We performed a physicochemical soil characterization, and a bacterial population quantification favoring sporulated bacteria of the genera Bacillus and Paenibacillus taken from the study site. Six bacterial strains were isolated. The identification was made based on the 16S rRNA gene and API systems. The tolerance and biodegradation capacity in diesel were determined at 4 000 to 24 000 mg L-1 of diesel. Residual concentrations of diesel were determined by GC-FID. Soil contaminated with diesel alters the concentrations of organic matter, phosphorus and nitrogen. Analysis of soil samples showed heat resistant bacterial populations of 106 cfu g-1 dry soil. Six strains from soil pollution were identified – Pseudomonas stutzeri M1CH1, Bacillus pumilus M1CH1b, Bacillus cereus M1CH10, Bacillus subtilis M1CH15a, and Paenibacillus lautus strains M1CH19 and M1CH27. These bacteria showed different degradation behavior. Bacillus pumilus M1HC1b and Paenibacillus lautus M1CH27 use diesel oil as the sole carbon source. Bacillus pumilus degraded high concentrations of diesel (24 000 mg L-1), while for Paenibacillus lautus it became toxic and the degradation was less

Infectious Diseases Associated with Exposure to Pollutants in a Local Population from Mexico

Agriculture is one of the primary activities in the municipality of Acatzingo, Puebla, Mexico. Agricultural fields are affected by the indiscriminate use of pesticides and hydrocarbon spills, which expose inhabitants to the development of infectious diseases. In the present study, we assessed the likelihood of developing infectious diseases associated with environmental contamination (pesticides and hydrocarbons) in various areas of the municipality of Acatzingo, Puebla, Mexico. A questionnaire was applied to 425 people in four areas of two locations divided according to exposure to hydrocarbons and pesticides. We conducted a binomial analysis using a binary logistic regression model, and the odds ratio (OR) was calculated at p ≤ 0.05. The development of infectious diseases is significantly associated with the geographical zone (p = 0.001). The population of Acatzingo de Hidalgo had a higher predicted probability (54.8%) of developing infections. Zone 3, which is exposed to hydrocarbons, had twice the probability of contracting infections (OR = 1.833, p = 0.093). Factors such as tobacco or alcohol consumption, gender, and age did not influence the development of infectious diseases. However, minors, businesspeople, and individuals with chronic degenerative diseases were more likely to contract infectious diseases. Therefore, it is crucial to implement control and regulation in managing pesticides and hydrocarbon spills to mitigate environmental contamination and the associated risks to human health

Síntesis y reflexiones sobre el sistema antilavado de activos y contra la financiación del terrorismo en Colombia

El propósito de este texto es construir una metodología adecuada para la medición del riesgo al que está expuesto el país en materia de lavado de activos –LA–, en el entendido de que esa medición es una forma razonable de estimar la eficacia de los mecanismos de control y represión del lavado de LA que conforman la política criminal del Estado. Además, es un instrumento de administración pública muy importante para las autoridades encargadas de diseñar, controlar y ejecutar la política criminal, ya que ofrece múltiples elementos de juicio que contribuyen a mejorar los mecanismos de prevención y represión existentes, a redistribuir las responsabilidades y los recursos, a identificar problemas, amenazas y vulnerabilidades, y a asegurar la estabilidad de la economía y la sociedad.The purpose of this text is to build an adequate methodology for measuring the risk to which the country is exposed in the matter of money laundering –LA–, with the understanding that this measurement is a reasonable way of estimating the effectiveness of the mechanisms of control and repression of ML laundering that make up the criminal policy of the State. In addition, it is a very important public administration instrument for the authorities in charge of designing, controlling and executing criminal policy, since it offers multiple elements of judgment that contribute to improving the existing prevention and repression mechanisms, to redistributing responsibilities and resources, to identify problems, threats and vulnerabilities, and to ensure the stability of the economy and society

The social organization of the care of children and adolescents in Colombia: urban experiences

No somos nada sin el otro/a. Esta es la mejor expresión del valor fundamental del cuidado. El cuidado que sostiene la vida. El cuidado que durante esta dolorosa pandemia ha sido la base fundamental para proteger la vida en todas sus expresiones. El cuidado que por siglos ha sido invisibilizado y desplegado especialmente por millones de mujeres en el mundo. Quien cuida y a quienes se cuida ha puesto en evidencia la división tajante sobre los cuidados. Como lo señala Judith Butler, todas y todos nacemos dependientes. En eso estamos en condición de igualdad. Pero es en la división sexual del trabajo y en la valoración que las sociedades hacen del cuidado donde empiezan las diferencias y las profundas desigualdades. Este libro nos ofrece un bien común intelectual, al documentar de forma cooperativa la organización social del cuidado de niñas, niños y adolescentes en Bogotá, Cartagena, Medellín, Cali y Bucaramanga, y nos propone como proyecto de sociedad “un movimiento significativo que ponga en el centro la vida y el cuidado como acciones para construirla, promoverla y conservarla”. Angela María Robledo Gómez En medio de la pandemia, no puede ser más oportuno que este excelente trabajo publicado por la Editorial Pontificia Universidad Javeriana vea la luz. Luego de varios años de investigación, elaboración y discusión, las profesoras Yolanda Puyana Villamizar, Amparo Hernández Bello y Martha Lucía Gutiérrez Bonilla entregan a la sociedad colombiana un riguroso estudio sobre cómo se da, en cinco ciudades colombianas, la organización social del cuidado de niños, niñas y adolescentes. Sus resultados han sido discutidos, validados y mejorados en diversos escenarios académicos con participación de investigadores de América Latina. Ello implica que sus resultados no son producto de una moda ni de la situación, sino que ayudan a problematizarla. Gracias al juicioso ejercicio comparativo, dan luces sobre qué se está haciendo para el cuidado de niños, niñas y adolescentes en las ciudades colombianas. Claramente, facilitan el análisis y la reflexión sobre los impactos de la circunstancia que, como sociedad, afrontamos. Además, nos ayudan a sugerir, indicar y propiciar mejores decisiones. Andrés Dávila Ladrón de GuevaraBogot

Multicentre surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in enterococci and staphylococci from Colombian hospitals, 2001-2002

Se recolectaron aislamientos invasivos de estafilococos y enterococos de 15 centros de atención terciaria en ciudades colombianas vivas entre 2001 y 2002. Un total de 597 aislamientos estuvieron disponibles para análisis. La identificación se confirmó mediante métodos automatizados y ensayos de PCR multiplex en un laboratorio central. Staphylococcus aureus y estafilococos coagulasa negativos (CoNS) correspondieron al 49,6% y 29,6% de los aislamientos, respectivamente, y el 20,8% se identificaron como enterococos. Las CIM de ampicilina, ciprofloxacina, cloranfenicol, eritromicina, gentamicina, linezolid, oxacilina, rifampicina, teicoplanina, tetraciclina, trimetoprim / sulfametoxazol (SXT) y vancomicina se determinaron utilizando un método de dilución en agar según fuera apropiado. El cribado de S. aureus resistente a la vancomicina también se llevó a cabo en placas de agar con infusión de cerebro-corazón suplementadas con vancomicina. Se investigó la presencia de genes mecA y van en estafilococos resistentes a meticilina y enterococos resistentes a glucopéptidos (GRE), respectivamente. Todos los estafilococos fueron sensibles a vancomicina, teicoplanina y linezolid. No se encontraron aislados VISA. En S. aureus y CoNS, las tasas más bajas de resistencia se encontraron para SXT (7,4%) y cloranfenicol (10,7%), respectivamente. La resistencia a la oxacilina en S. aureus y CoNS fue de 52% y 73%, respectivamente. El gen mecA se detectó en el 97,5% de los aislados de S. aureus resistentes a la meticilina. En enterococos, la resistencia a glicopéptidos fue del 9,7%: se encontraron genes vanA (58,3%) y vanB (41,7%). La electroforesis en gel de campo pulsado indicó que los aislados de GRE estaban estrechamente relacionados. Las tasas de resistencia a ampicilina, ciprofloxacina, cloranfenicol, rifampicina y niveles altos de gentamicina y estreptomicina fueron 9. 7%, 27,4%, 8,9%, 43%, 17% y 28,2%, respectivamente. Todos los enterococos fueron sensibles a linezolid.Invasive isolates of staphylococci and enterococci were collected from 15 tertiary care centres in live Colombian cities from 2001 to 2002. A total of 597 isolates were available for analysis. Identification was confirmed by both automated methods and multiplex PCR assays in a central laboratory. Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) corresponded to 49.6% and 29.6% of isolates, respectively, and 20.8% were identified as enterococci. MICs of ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, gentamicin, linezolid, oxacillin, rifampicin, teicoplanin, tetracycline, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (SXT) and vancomycin were determined using an agar dilution method as appropriate. Screening for vancomycin-resistant S. aureus was also carried out on brain-heart infusion agar plates supplemented with vancomycin. The presence of mecA and van genes was investigated in methicillin-resistant staphylococci and glycopeptide-resistant enterococci (GRE), respectively. All staphylococci were susceptible to vancomycin, teicoplanin and linezolid. No VISA isolates were found. In S. aureus and CoNS, the lowest rates of resistance were found for SXT (7.4%) and chloramphenicol (10.7%), respectively. Resistance to oxacillin in S. aureus and CoNS was 52% and 73%, respectively. The mecA gene was detected in 97.5% of methicillin-resistant S. aureus isolates. In enterococci, resistance to glycopeptides was 9.7%: vanA (58.3%) and vanB (41.7%) genes were found. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis indicated that the GRE isolates were closely related. Rates of resistance to ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, rifampicin and high levels of gentamicin and streptomycin were 9.7%, 27.4%, 8.9%, 43%, 17% and 28.2%, respectively. All enterococci were susceptible to linezolid