Importance of phylogenetic systematics and its potential use in Veterinary studies

São apresentados princípios básicos de sistemática filogenética, enfocando como o conhecimento das relações filogenéticas de um dado grupo de animais silvestres é heuristicamente importante para resolver casos veterinários, desde tratamentos até conhecimento da anatomia dos grupos e seus constituintes.The basic principles of phylogenetic systematics are presented, focusing on how the knowledge of phylogenetic relationships among species of a given group of wild animals is heuristically important to resolve veterinary cases,from treatments to the anatomic knowledge of this group and its  representatives

New combinations and synonymies for Neotropical species of Diaphorinae (Diptera: Dolichopodidae).

Anhand von Untersuchungen an Material von Dolichopodidae (Diptera) der Senckenberg Naturhistorischen Sammlung in Dresden werden acht neotropische Arten der Gattung Diaphorus Meigen in die Gattung Chrysotus Meigen übertragen: C. amicus (Parent), comb. n.; C. ciliatus (Becker), comb. n. (= C. superbiens (Parent), comb. n. et syn. n.); C. hamatus (Parent), comb. n.; C. vicinus (Becker), comb. n., nec Parent; C. luteipalpus (Parent), comb. n.; C. mediotinctus (Becker), comb. n.; C. propinquus (Becker), comb. n. Zusätzlich wird C. kallweiti Capellari & Amorim, nom. n. als Ersatzname für C. vicinus Parent, nec C. vicinus (Becker), comb. n. vorgeschlagen. C. diligens Parent ist ein Junior-Synonym von C. viridis Becker. Für Arten, die Syntypen in ihren Typenserien enthalten, werden Lectotyp und Paralectotypen festgelegt. Die mediotinctus-Gruppe, darunter fünf südamerikanische Arten, wird als kleiner Zweig innerhalb von Chrysotus angesehen. Ein Bestimmungsschlüssel zu diesen Arten ist vorhanden.StichwörterDiaphorus, Chrysotus, Dubius, Staatliches Museum für Tierkunde DresdenNomenklatorische Handlungenamicus (Parent, 1931) (Chrysotus), comb. n. hitherto Diaphorus amicus Parent, 1931ciliatus (Becker, 1922) (Chrysotus), comb. n. hitherto Diaphorus ciliatus Becker, 1922diligens Parent, 1931 (Chrysotus), LT; syn. n. of Chrysotus viridis Becker, 1922hamatus (Parent, 1931) (Chrysotus), comb. n. hitherto Diaphorus hamatus Parent, 1931luteipalpus (Parent, 1929) (Chrysotus), comb. n. hitherto Diaphorus luteipalpus Parent, 1929mediotinctus (Becker, 1922) (Chrysotus), LT; comb. n. hitherto Diaphorus mediotinctus Becker, 1922propinquus (Becker, 1922) (Chrysotus), LT; comb. n. hitherto Diaphorus propinquus Becker, 1922vicinus (Becker, 1922) (Chrysotus), LT; comb. n. hitherto Diaphorus propinquus Becker, 1922superbiens Parent, 1931 (Diaphorus), syn. n. of Chrysotus ciliatus (Becker, 1922)Based on examination of the Dolichopodidae (Diptera) material in the Senckenberg Naturhistorische Sammlung Dresden, eight Neotropical species of Diaphorus Meigen are herein transferred to the genus Chrysotus Meigen: C. amicus (Parent), comb. n.; C. ciliatus (Becker), comb. n. (= C. superbiens (Parent), comb. n. et syn. n.); C. hamatus (Parent), comb. n.; C. vicinus (Becker), comb. n., nec Parent; C. luteipalpus (Parent), comb. n.; C. mediotinctus (Becker), comb. n.; C. propinquus (Becker), comb. n. Additionally, C. kallweiti Capellari & Amorim, nom. n. is proposed as a replacement name for C. vicinus Parent, nec C. vicinus (Becker), comb. n., and C. diligens Parent is found to be a junior-synonym of C. viridis Becker. Lectotype and paralectotypes are designated for species with syntypes in their type-series. The mediotinctus-group is proposed within Chrysotus for a small clade including five South American species, and an identification key to the species of the group is provided.KeywordsDiaphorus, Chrysotus, Dubius, Staatliches Museum für Tierkunde DresdenNomenclatural Actsamicus (Parent, 1931) (Chrysotus), comb. n. hitherto Diaphorus amicus Parent, 1931ciliatus (Becker, 1922) (Chrysotus), comb. n. hitherto Diaphorus ciliatus Becker, 1922diligens Parent, 1931 (Chrysotus), LT; syn. n. of Chrysotus viridis Becker, 1922hamatus (Parent, 1931) (Chrysotus), comb. n. hitherto Diaphorus hamatus Parent, 1931luteipalpus (Parent, 1929) (Chrysotus), comb. n. hitherto Diaphorus luteipalpus Parent, 1929mediotinctus (Becker, 1922) (Chrysotus), LT; comb. n. hitherto Diaphorus mediotinctus Becker, 1922propinquus (Becker, 1922) (Chrysotus), LT; comb. n. hitherto Diaphorus propinquus Becker, 1922vicinus (Becker, 1922) (Chrysotus), LT; comb. n. hitherto Diaphorus propinquus Becker, 1922superbiens Parent, 1931 (Diaphorus), syn. n. of Chrysotus ciliatus (Becker, 1922

Considerations on described taxa, Procolobostema roseni, new species, from Dominican amber, and the position of Procolobostema in the family

17 p. : ill. ; 26 cm.Includes bibliographical references (p. 15-17)."The fossil Scatopsidae are reviewed. For Meunier's species in Eocene Baltic amber: Scatopse fasciola Meunier is transferred to Ectaetia; Scatopse subsimilis Meunier is transferred to Rhegmoclemina; and Scatopse grassaris Meunier and Scatopse crassicornis Meunier are considered unplaced in the Scatopsidae. Protoscatopse jurassica Rohdendorf and Mesoscatopse rohdendorfi Kovalev are kept as Scatopsoidea incertae sedis. The generic placement of Reichertella fasciata Melander is retained. Scatopse bilaminata Cook and S. primula Cook from Upper Miocene/Lower Oligocene Chiapas amber are removed to Rhegmoclematini incertae sedis. Procolobostema is accepted as a valid genus. Procolobostema longicorne Cook is synonymized with P. hurdi Cook. Procolobostema incisum Cook and P. obscurum are also indicated as possible junior synonyms of P. hurdi Cook. A new species of the genus Procolobostema Cook is described based on large series of males and females in Dominican Republic amber (early Miocene). The differences between the Chiapas and the Dominican Republic species of the genus are considered. The phylogenetic position of the genus in the Scatopsidae is discussed. Procolobostema certainly belongs to the Colobostematini. Borneoscatopse Freeman, known from a single Recent species described from one male from the Oriental Region, is considered the sister group of Procolobostema. This corresponds to an Oriental Region/Caribbean biogeographical component, similar to that seen in Valeseguya (Anisopodidae). This may correspond to a more general pattern of distribution, which could be related to the geological evolution of a fragmented Pacifica continent. Because Mexico and Hispaniola were already separated at the Miocene, independent extinction would have to be admitted for these species of Procolobostema"--P. [1]-2

Two new Afrotropical genera of Scatopsidae (Diptera)

uploaded by Plazi for Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaf

New species of Inbiomyia from the Atlantic Forest.

17 pages : illustrations (some color), color maps ; 26 cm.We describe and illustrate Inbiomyia azevedoi, sp. nov., the first species of Inbiomyiidae known from the Atlantic Forest in southeastern Brazil. SEM photos show that the bifurcated labella have on their ventral face rows of scalelike rasping teeth that may be used to graze on green algae, as the gut content of some specimens suggest. A reanalysis of the phylogeny of the genus using Australimyza mcalpineorum as designated outgroup and including I. azevedoi shows that all four groups of species previously proposed for the genus are monophyletic if I. anodonta is removed from the scoliostylus group. Inbiomyia anodonta and I. azevedoi are here transferred to the anemosyris group. In our results with implied weight, I. exul is sister to a clade including all other species of the genus, while the scoliostylus group appears as sister to the clade (mcalpineourum group + anemosyris group)

Importância e potencial utilização da sistemática filogenética em estudos de Veterinária

São apresentados princípios básicos de sistemática filogenética, enfocando como o conhecimento das relações filogenéticas de um dado grupo de animais silvestres é heuristicamente importante para resolver casos veterinários, desde tratamentos até conhecimento da anatomia dos grupos e seus constituintes

Conhecimento da diversidade de insetos no Brasil: Desafi os e avanços

Insects will soon reach one million known species worldwide. Brazil, with about 9% of this total, and possibly another 400 thousand species yet to be discovered, harbors the highest insect diversity in the world. The country has a complement of about 140 active taxonomists, which means a quota of 3,600 insect species per professional. Each Brazilian taxonomist publishes, on average, about 100 species during a professional life span, so it would take 2-3 thousand years to only know the country's insect diversity. Some of the problems hindering the development of insect taxonomy in Brazil are: difficulties with international loans; difficulties with permission for dissecting loaned type specimens; low scientific esteem of taxonomic journals as assessed by the Impact Factor index; academic low esteem of taxonomy knowledge; legal restrictions to field work and disregard of the Brazilian legislation that regulates the final destination of biological material. If truly responsible actions towards preserving biological diversity are to be undertaken nationwide, key problems must be addressed and solved: creation of a national center of information on entomological diversity; investment in a core of institutions that would act as an axis for the development of taxonomic knowledge; investment in the formation of a new generation of taxonomists; elimination of bureaucratic obstacles currently hampering the accomplishment of the constitutional mandate for developing knowledge on biological diversity and developing organized actions to control the deforestation of highly biodiverse areas

Checklist of the dipterofauna (Insecta) from Roraima, Brazil, with special reference to the Brazilian Ecological Station of Maracá

Roraima is a Brazilian state located in the northern portion of the Amazon basin, with few studies regarding its biodiversity. The Ecological Station of Maracá (Brazil, state of Roraima) harbors the third largest Brazilian pluvial island and is composed of a transitional landscape of savanna and Amazon rainforest components. Despite its ecological importance and strategic localization, few studies covered the dipterofauna of this locality. An updated checklist addressing 41 families of true flies (Diptera) occurring in Roraima is presented based on the literature and the specimens collected during a field expedition that occurred in 2015. This checklist brings several improvements such as new records of 165 taxa to the state of Roraima, 29 taxa to Brazil, and 259 morphotypes, mostly likely representing undescribed species

Remarkable fly (Diptera) diversity in a patch of Costa Rican cloud forest : Why inventory is a vital science

Study of all flies (Diptera) collected for one year from a four-hectare (150 x 266 meter) patch of cloud forest at 1,600 meters above sea level at Zurqui de Moravia, San Jose Province, Costa Rica (hereafter referred to as Zurqui), revealed an astounding 4,332 species. This amounts to more than half the number of named species of flies for all of Central America. Specimens were collected with two Malaise traps running continuously and with a wide array of supplementary collecting methods for three days of each month. All morphospecies from all 73 families recorded were fully curated by technicians before submission to an international team of 59 taxonomic experts for identification. Overall, a Malaise trap on the forest edge captured 1,988 species or 51% of all collected dipteran taxa (other than of Phoridae, subsampled only from this and one other Malaise trap). A Malaise trap in the forest sampled 906 species. Of other sampling methods, the combination of four other Malaise traps and an intercept trap, aerial/hand collecting, 10 emergence traps, and four CDC light traps added the greatest number of species to our inventory. This complement of sampling methods was an effective combination for retrieving substantial numbers of species of Diptera. Comparison of select sampling methods (considering 3,487 species of non-phorid Diptera) provided further details regarding how many species were sampled by various methods. Comparison of species numbers from each of two permanent Malaise traps from Zurqui with those of single Malaise traps at each of Tapanti and Las Alturas, 40 and 180 km distant from Zurqui respectively, suggested significant species turnover. Comparison of the greater number of species collected in all traps from Zurqui did not markedly change the degree of similarity between the three sites, although the actual number of species shared did increase. Comparisons of the total number of named and unnamed species of Diptera from four hectares at Zurqui is equivalent to 51% of all flies named from Central America, greater than all the named fly fauna of Colombia, equivalent to 14% of named Neotropical species and equal to about 2.7% of all named Diptera worldwide. Clearly the number of species of Diptera in tropical regions has been severely underestimated and the actual number may surpass the number of species of Coleoptera. Various published extrapolations from limited data to estimate total numbers of species of larger taxonomic categories (e.g., Hexapoda, Arthropoda, Eukaryota, etc.) are highly questionable, and certainly will remain uncertain until we have more exhaustive surveys of all and diverse taxa (like Diptera) from multiple tropical sites. Morphological characterization of species in inventories provides identifications placed in the context of taxonomy, phylogeny, form, and ecology. DNA barcoding species is a valuable tool to estimate species numbers but used alone fails to provide a broader context for the species identified.Peer reviewe