Modification of Pet Surfaces with End-functionalized Polymers Prepared from Raft Agents to Achieve Antibacterial Properties = Modifikasi Permukaan Pet Dengan Polimer-Polimer Fungsional dari Agen Raft untuk Mencapai Sifat Antibakteri

Modification of PET surfaces with end-functionalized polymers prepared from RAFT polymerization were investigated. Preliminary polymerizations of styrene were prepared to establish the comparison of conventional free radical polymerizations (CFRP) and reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerizations. Three types of RAFT agents (4-cyano-4­(phenylcarbonothioylthio) pentanoic acid (1), 2-cyano-2-propyl dodecyl trithiocarbonate (2), and 2-cyano-2-propyl benzodithioate (3)) that could obtain the highest conversion of monomers were investigated in the preliminary polymerizations. Controlled transfer agent (CTA) from trithiocarbonate groups were chosen to be synthesized then functionalized with succinimide groups. Monomers of styrene (St), N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA), and 2-lactobionamidoethyl methacrylate (LAMA) were polymerized by RAFT polymerization technique using succinimide-CTA (Suc-CTA) as RAFT agent. The controlled molar masses and narrow polydispersities of end-functionalized polymers were characterized by size exclusion chromatography (SEC). PET surfaces were aminolized first by polyethylenimine (PEI) and 1,6-diaminohexane before grafting process. The amine functions on PET surfaces were characterized by contact angle measurements and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Decreasing of contact angle between aminolized PET surfaces and a droplet of water occured (from Oref = 64° to O = 48°). Then grafting of PS and poly-LAMA as end-functionalized polymers on aminolized PET surfaces were prepared by “grafting-to” technique. The change of surface properties after grafting process was characterized by contact angle measurements. Grafting of PS on aminolized PET surfaces obtained the increasing of contact angle (O = 63°) because of their hydrophobic properties. In otherwise, grafting of poly-LAMA on aminolized PET surfaces obtained the decreasing of contact angle (O = 39°) because of their hydrophilic properties. ============================================================================================ Modifikasi permukaan PET dengan polimer-polimer fungsional dari polimerisasi RAFT telah diteliti sebelumnya. Polimerisasi awal menggunakan stirena telah diteliti untuk mengetahui perbandingan antara polimerisasi radikal bebas konvensional (CFRP) dan polimerassi transfer rantai adisi-fragmenasi secara reversible (RAFT) Tiga tipe dari agen RAFT diantaranya asam pentanoat (4­siano-4-fenilkarbonotioltio), 2-siano-2-propil dodesil tritiokarbonat, dan 2-siano­2-propil benzoditioat. Ketiga macam agen RAFT tersebut telah diuji coba pada polimerisasi awal dan bisa menghasilkan konversi tertinggi dari monomer-monomer. Agen transfer kontrol (CTA) dari golongan tritiokarbonat terpilih untuk disintesis kemudian difungsionalisasi dengan succinimide.. Monomer-monomer stirena, N,N-dimetilaminoetil metakrilat (DMAEMA) and 2­laktobionamidoetil metacrilat dipolimerisasi dengan teknik polimerisasi RAFT menggunakan succinimid-CTA sebagai agen RAFT. Massa molar terkontrol dan polidispersitas dar polimer-polimer fungsional dikarakterisasi menggunakan kromatografi ekslusi ukuran (SEC). Permukaan PET diaminolisis terlebih dahulu menggunakan polietilenimin (PEI) dan 1,6-diaminoheksana sebelum proses grafting. Gugus-gugus amin yang terdapat pada permukaan PET dikarakterisasi dengan pengukuran sudut kontak dan spektroskopi fotoelektron X-ray (XPS). Penurunan sudut kontak terjadi antara permukaan PET teraminolisis dan tetesan air (dari Oref = 64° ke O = 48°). Grafting PS dan poli-LAMA sebagai polimer-polimer fungsional pada permukaan PET teraminolisis dilakukan dengan teknik grafting-to. Perubahan sifat permukaan setelah proses grafting dikarakterisasi dengan pengukuran sudut kontak. Grafting PS pada permukaan PET teraminolisis menghasilkan peningkatan sudut kontak (O = 63°) karena sifat hidrofobik. Di sisi lain, grafting poli-LAMA pada permukaan PET teraminolisis menghasilkan penurunan sudut kontak (O = 39°) karena sifat hidrofilik

The Innovation Premium

Firms that engage in innovative product development, as measured by the fraction of their investment that goes to Research and Development (R&D) activities, earn higher risk-adjusted equity returns. A portfolio that goes long the most innovative and shorts the least innovative firms earns a risk-adjusted return in excess of 7% per annum. R&D-intensive firms also tend to charge higher price markups. Combining insights from industrial organization with a production-based asset pricing framework, I propose a model in which heterogeneous firms produce vertically differentiated goods and market them to heterogeneous consumers. Firms are subject to aggregate demand and supply shocks, which are both priced by investors, and thus the return premium of innovative firms is explained by their differential exposures to these shocks. In addition to explaining this return spread, the model makes predictions on firm investments, future profit markups, and firm size that are consistent with the data

Modifikasi Permukaan Pet Dengan Polimer-Polimer Fungsional Dari Agen Raft Untuk Mencapai Sifat Antibakteri

Modifikasi permukaan PET dengan polimer-polimer fungsional dari polimerisasi RAFT telah diteliti sebelumnya. Polimerisasi awal menggunakan stirena telah diteliti untuk mengetahui perbandingan antara polimerisasi radikal bebas konvensional (CFRP) dan polimerassi transfer rantai adisi-fragmenasi secara reversible (RAFT) Tiga tipe dari agen RAFT diantaranya asam pentanoat (4- siano-4-fenilkarbonotioltio), 2-siano-2-propil dodesil tritiokarbonat, dan 2-siano- 2-propil benzoditioat. Ketiga macam agen RAFT tersebut telah diuji coba pada polimerisasi awal dan bisa menghasilkan konversi tertinggi dari monomermonomer. Agen transfer kontrol (CTA) dari golongan tritiokarbonat terpilih untuk disintesis kemudian difungsionalisasi dengan succinimide.. Monomer-monomer stirena, N,N-dimetilaminoetil metakrilat (DMAEMA) and 2- laktobionamidoetil metacrilat dipolimerisasi dengan teknik polimerisasi RAFT menggunakan succinimid-CTA sebagai agen RAFT. Massa molar terkontrol dan polidispersitas dar polimer-polimer fungsional dikarakterisasi menggunakan kromatografi ekslusi ukuran (SEC). Permukaan PET diaminolisis terlebih dahulu menggunakan polietilenimin (PEI) dan 1,6-diaminoheksana sebelum proses grafting. Gugus-gugus amin yang terdapat pada permukaan PET dikarakterisasi dengan pengukuran sudut kontak dan spektroskopi fotoelektron X-ray (XPS). Penurunan sudut kontak terjadi antara permukaan PET teraminolisis dan tetesan air (dari Ɵref = 64° ke Ɵ = 48°). Grafting PS dan poli-LAMA sebagai polimer-polimer fungsional pada permukaan PET teraminolisis dilakukan dengan teknik grafting-to. Perubahan sifat permukaan setelah proses grafting dikarakterisasi dengan pengukuran sudut kontak. Grafting PS pada permukaan PET teraminolisis menghasilkan peningkatan sudut kontak (Ɵ = 63°) karena sifat hidrofobik. Di sisi lain, grafting poli-LAMA pada permukaan PET teraminolisis menghasilkan penurunan sudut kontak (Ɵ = 39°) karena sifat hidrofilik. =================================================================================================== Modification of PET surfaces with end-functionalized polymers prepared from RAFT polymerization were investigated. Preliminary polymerizations of styrene were prepared to establish the comparison of conventional free radical polymerizations (CFRP) and reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerizations. Three types of RAFT agents (4-cyano-4- (phenylcarbonothioylthio) pentanoic acid (1), 2-cyano-2-propyl dodecyl trithiocarbonate (2), and 2-cyano-2-propyl benzodithioate (3)) that could obtain the highest conversion of monomers were investigated in the preliminary polymerizations. Controlled transfer agent (CTA) from trithiocarbonate groups were chosen to be synthesized then functionalized with succinimide groups. Monomers of styrene (St), N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA), and 2-lactobionamidoethyl methacrylate (LAMA) were polymerized by RAFT polymerization technique using succinimide-CTA (Suc-CTA) as RAFT agent. The controlled molar masses and narrow polydispersities of end-functionalized polymers were characterized by size exclusion chromatography (SEC). PET surfaces were aminolized first by polyethylenimine (PEI) and 1,6-diaminohexane before grafting process. The amine functions on PET surfaces were characterized by contact angle measurements and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Decreasing of contact angle between aminolized PET surfaces and a droplet of water occured (from Ɵref = 64° to Ɵ = 48°). Then grafting of PS and poly-LAMA as end-functionalized polymers on aminolized PET surfaces were prepared by “grafting-to” technique. The change of surface properties after grafting process was characterized by contact angle measurements. Grafting of PS on aminolized PET surfaces obtained the increasing of contact angle (Ɵ = 63°) because of their hydrophobic properties. In otherwise, grafting of poly-LAMA on aminolized PET surfaces obtained the decreasing of contact angle (Ɵ = 39°) because of their hydrophilic properties

Why Do Firms Issue Callable Bonds?

Corporations in the US have significantly increased their usage of callable bonds in the past 10-15 years. Whereas callable debt was issued in the past for interest rate hedging motives, the vast majority of callable bonds issued today have call options that will enver be in the money . This feature implies that previous explanations for the issuance of callable debt no longer rationalize the current pattern. We present evidence on the types of firms issuing these bonds and their usage of the proceeds, which motivates a new theory for why firms desire these eternally out of the money call options. This theory captures the motives of firms in matching the maturities of investment and financing and endogenously generates firm-specific refinancing risk. We then embed this theory into a production-based model and show that callable bonds can expand access to capital markets and increase investment

Efektivitas model outreach counseling dalam meningkatkan kemandirian anak tunagrahita

Penelitian ini merupakan pengujian efektivitas terhadap model Outreach counseling dalam meningkatkan kemandirian anak tunagrahita. Melalui Single Subjeck Research Disign (SSRDs) dengan menggunakan A-B-A Desain. Temuan menunjukkan; 1) kondisi aktual kemandirian anak tunagrahita belum sepenuhnya mandiri, 2) uji efektivitas bahwa, model outreach counseling dapat; menurunkan persentase tidak mandiri, meningkatkan kemandirian dengan bantuan, dan meningkatkan kemandirian bagi anak tunagrahita sedang. Model outreach counseling ini direkomendasikan agar dilaksanakan oleh kepala sekolah sebagai koordinator bimbingan, guru-guru, orang tua, anggota keluarga, dan melibatkan lingkungan terdekat dengan anak tunagrahita sedang

Analysis of Electronic Channel Service Quality on Customer Satisfaction of Bank Syariah Indonesia (BSI) During the Covid-19 Pandemic

AbstractPurpose - This study aims to examine and analyze how the influence of Electronic Channel (E-Channel) service quality on customer satisfaction of Bank Syariah Indonesia.Method - The research uses a quantitative approach. The population used in this study is the customers of Bank Syariah Indonesia using E-Channel. With the number of samples in this study amounted to 100 respondents.Result - The variables of reliability, privacy and easy to use have a positive and significant effect on customer satisfaction. Meanwhile, the efficiency variable has a negative and significant effect on customer satisfaction. And for the design variable has no effect on customer satisfaction.Implication - The implication is that the quality of e-channel services (electronic channel) provided by the bank will affect customer satisfaction.Originality - This study analyzes the quality of service in the E-Channel includes five components, namely Reliability, Efficiency, Privacy/Security, Design, and Easy to Use on customer satisfaction

Analysis of Electronic Channel Service Quality on Customer Satisfaction of Bank Syariah Indonesia (BSI) During the Covid-19 Pandemic

AbstractPurpose - This study aims to examine and analyze how the influence of Electronic Channel (E-Channel) service quality on customer satisfaction of Bank Syariah Indonesia.Method - The research uses a quantitative approach. The population used in this study is the customers of Bank Syariah Indonesia using E-Channel. With the number of samples in this study amounted to 100 respondents.Result - The variables of reliability, privacy and easy to use have a positive and significant effect on customer satisfaction. Meanwhile, the efficiency variable has a negative and significant effect on customer satisfaction. And for the design variable has no effect on customer satisfaction.Implication - The implication is that the quality of e-channel services (electronic channel) provided by the bank will affect customer satisfaction.Originality - This study analyzes the quality of service in the E-Channel includes five components, namely Reliability, Efficiency, Privacy/Security, Design, and Easy to Use on customer satisfaction

Senior Recital, Terranlynn Mikell, violin

Senior RecitalTerralynn Mikell, violinDaniel Stipe, pianoAmora Mikell, celloTuesday, April 30, 2019 at 3pmSonia Vlahcevic Concert HallW.E. Singleton Center for the Performing Arts922 Park AvenueRichmond, VAThe presentation of this senior recital will fulfill in part the requirements for the Bachelor of Music degree in Performance. Terralynn Mikell studies violin with Susanna Klein