Occurrence of Multiple Mycotoxins in Various Types of Rice and Barley Samples in Thailand.

Contamination with multiple mycotoxins was found in rice and barley. BEA, DAS, ZEA, and aflatoxins were the mycotoxins most frequently found in samples. The assessed mycotoxin exposure does not represent a health risk for consumers

Natural substances as new potential strategies for the treatment of Leishmaniosisin Dogs

Leishmaniasis is a disease caused by the protozoan parasites Leishmania, infecting numerous mammal species. Canine leishmaniasis is potentially zoonotic and causes severe fatal disease in dogs. The discovery of new natural products extracted from medicinal plants or compounds derived from them, such as quercetin, hesperidin, vitamin c, horse chestnut extract and selenium could represent a valuable source of new medicinal agents for treating leishmaniasis in dogs

Multiclass analysis of antimicrobial drugs in shrimp muscle by ultra high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

A reliable, selective and rapid multiclass method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of 55 antibacterial drug residues in shrimp muscle samples by ultra high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The investigated compounds comprise of eight different classes, namely fluoroquinolones, sulfonamides and synergistic agents, tetracyclines, macrolides, lincosamides, penicillins, nitroimidazole and amphenicols. A simple liquid extraction procedure was developed consisting of extraction with a mixture of acetonitrile and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), followed by a defatting step with n-hexane. Chromatographic conditions were optimized, obtaining a running time <10 min. Mean recoveries ranged from 74.3% to 113.3%. For precision test, relative standard deviations (RSD, %) were lower than 15.0% and 24.0% for repeatability and reproducibility, respectively. Limits of detection and quantification ranged from 1.0 to 5.0 ng/g and 3.0–10.0 ng/g, respectively. Finally, the method was applied to real samples and the results demonstrated that enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, pefloxacin and doxycycline were quantifiable in shrimp samples. Keywords: Antimicrobial drugs, Multiclass analysis, Shrimp, UHPLC-MS/M

Pharmacokinetics of thalidomide in dogs: can feeding affect it? A preliminary study

n/

Doxycycline pharmacokinetics in geese

Funding Information: This work was supported by University of Pisa (ex 60%). The authors acknowledge ThothPro (Gdansk, Poland) for supplying the software used for the pharmacokinetic analysis. The authors are grateful to Mr. Zbigniew Kołodziej (Majątek Rutka, Puchaczow, Poland) for assistance conducting animal experiment and for supplying animals and facilities. The authors sincerely thank Dr. Victoria Llewelyn (Flinders University, Australia) for the scientific and English editing of the manuscript. Funding Information: This work was supported by University of Pisa (ex 60%). The authors acknowledge ThothPro (Gdansk, Poland) for supplying the software used for the pharmacokinetic analysis. The authors are grateful to Mr. Zbigniew Ko?odziej (Maj?tek Rutka, Puchaczow, Poland) for assistance conducting animal experiment and for supplying animals and facilities. The authors sincerely thank Dr. Victoria Llewelyn (Flinders University, Australia) for the scientific and English editing of the manuscript. Publisher Copyright: © 2021 The Authors. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics published by John Wiley &Sons Ltd.The study aims to describe the pharmacokinetics of doxycycline after a single intravenous and oral dose (20 mg/kg) in geese. In addition, two multiple-dose simulations have been performed to investigate the predicted plasma concentration after either a 10 or 20 mg/kg daily administration repeated consecutively for 5 days. Ten geese were enrolled in a two-phase cross-over study with a washout period of two weeks. All animals were treated intravenously and orally with doxycycline, and blood samples were collected up to 48 h after drug administration. Sample analysis was performed using a validated HPLC-UV method. A non-compartmental approach was used to evaluate the pharmacokinetic parameters of the drug. A long elimination half-life was observed (13 h). The area under the curve was statistically different between the two treatments, with the oral bioavailability being moderate (43%). The pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic index (%T>MIC) during the 48 h treatment period in the present study (71%) suggests that doxycycline appears to have therapeutic efficacy against some Mycoplasma species in the goose. The multiple-dose simulations showed a low accumulation index. A dosage of 10 mg/kg/day for 5 days seemed to be adequate for a good therapeutic efficacy without reaching unnecessarily high plasma concentrations.publishersversionPeer reviewe

Flupirtine: Preliminary Pharmacokinetics in the Donkey

Flupirtine (FLU) is a nonopioid analgesic drug with no antipyretic or antiphlogistic effects labeled for humans. It does not induce the side effects associated with the classical drugs used as pain relievers (Non steroidal antiinflammatory drugs and opioids) in human beings. The aim of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetic profiles of FLU after IV and PO administrations in healthy donkeys. Six Amiata breed adult jennies were randomly assigned to two treatment groups using an open, 2 × 2 Latin-square crossover study design. Group 1 (n = 3) received a single dose of 1 mg/kg of FLU injected IV into the jugular vein. Group 2 (n = 3) received FLU (5 mg/kg) via nasogastric tube. The washout period was 1 week. Blood samples (5 mL) were collected at 0.083, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 24, 36, and 48 hours, and plasma was then analyzed by a validated high-performance liquid chromatography method. No adverse effects were noticed in either administration group. After IV and PO administrations, FLU was detectable in plasma for up to 24 hours. The mean elimination half-life was longer after PO (10.81 hours) than after IV (0.90 hours) administration. The clearance was fast, and the area under the plasma concentration–time curve was small, findings consistent with a low PO bioavailability of about 20%. The pharmacokinetic trend of FLU in donkeys was different from those earlier reported in cats and dogs. Further studies are needed to understand if this active ingredient may be used in donkeys

Storage Fungi and Mycotoxins Associated with Rice Samples Commercialized in Thailand

The study focused on the examination of the different fungal species isolated from commercial rice samples, applying conventional culture techniques, as well as different molecular and phylogenic analyses to confirm phenotypic identification. Additionally, the mycotoxin production and contamination were analyzed using validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). In total, 40 rice samples were obtained covering rice berry, red jasmine rice, brown rice, germinated brown rice, and white rice. The blotting paper technique applied on the 5 different types of rice samples detected 4285 seed-borne fungal infections (26.8%) for 16,000 rice grains. Gross morphological data revealed that 19 fungal isolates belonged to the genera Penicillium/Talaromyces (18 of 90 isolates; 20%) and Aspergillus (72 of 90 isolates; 80%). To check their morphologies, molecular data (fungal sequence-based BLAST results and a phylogenetic tree of the combined ITS, BenA, CaM, and RPB2 datasets) confirmed the initial classification. The phylogenic analysis revealed that eight isolates belonged to P. citrinum and, additionally, one isolate each belonged to P. chermesinum, A. niger, A. fumigatus, and A. tubingensis. Furthermore, four isolates of T. pinophilus and one isolate of each taxon were identified as Talaromyces ( T. radicus, T. purpureogenum, and T. islandicus). The results showed that A. niger and T. pinophilus were two commonly occurring fungal species in rice samples. After subculturing, ochratoxin A (OTA), generated by T. pinophilus code W3-04, was discovered using LC-MS/MS. In addition, the Fusarium toxin beauvericin was detected in one of the samples. Aflatoxin B1 or other mycotoxins, such as citrinin, trichothecenes, and fumonisins, were detected. These preliminary findings should provide valuable guidance for hazard analysis critical control point concepts used by commercial food suppliers, including the analysis of multiple mycotoxins. Based on the current findings, mycotoxin analyses should focus on A. niger toxins, including OTA and metabolites of T. pinophilus (recently considered a producer of emerging mycotoxins) to exclude health hazards related to the traditionally high consumption of rice by Thai people

Effect of feeding on the pharmacokinetics of vilazodone in dogs

Vilazodone (VLZ) is a drug approved for the treatment of major depressive disorder in humans but no data are available for dogs. The present study aimed to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of a single oral 40 mg dose of VLZ in healthy Labrador dogs (n = 6) in fasted and fed conditions. Dogs were randomly divided in two (n = 3) groups in a cross-over study design (2 x 2). Group I was administered with VLZ at 40 mg/dog after fasting over-night. Group II was fed prior to and after administration of the same dose. A two-week wash-out period was observed. Plasma samples collected underwent LC-MS/MS analysis. VLZ concentrations were quantified in dogs' plasma in two different windows of time: 30 min to 10 h for the fasted group and 4 h to 35 h for the fed group. The values for t(1/2 lambda z) were statistically different between the groups (fed, 4.6 +/- 1.1 h vs fasted, 1.7 +/- 0.2 h). Tmax drastically changed between the groups (fed, 10 h vs fasted, 1.5 h), while C-max did not significantly vary (fed, 39.4 +/- 5.6 ng/mL vs fasted, 38.7 +/- 4.8 ng/mL). The AUC value was always statistically higher in the fed group. As a result, the average relative oral fasted bioavailability of VLZ was low, 28.8 +/- 6.1%. In conclusion, feeding can affect the pharmacokinetics of VLZ in the dog

The mycotox charter: Increasing awareness of, and concerted action for, minimizing mycotoxin exposure worldwide

Mycotoxins are major food contaminants affecting global food security, especially in low and middle-income countries. The European Union (EU) funded project, MycoKey, focuses on “Integrated and innovative key actions for mycotoxin management in the food and feed chains” and the right to safe food through mycotoxin management strategies and regulation, which are fundamental to minimizing the unequal access to safe and sufficient food worldwide. As part of the MycoKey project, a Mycotoxin Charter (charter.mycokey.eu) was launched to share the need for global harmonization of mycotoxin legislation and policies and to minimize human and animal exposure worldwide, with particular attention to less developed countries that lack effective legislation. This document is in response to a demand that has built through previous European Framework Projects—MycoGlobe and MycoRed—in the previous decade to control and reduce mycotoxin contamination worldwide. All suppliers, participants and beneficiaries of the food supply chain, for example, farmers, consumers, stakeholders, researchers, members of civil society and government and so forth, are invited to sign this charter and to support this initiative

An overview of the toxicology and toxicokinetics of fusarenon-X, a type B trichothecene mycotoxin

Fusarenon-X (FX) is a type B trichothecene mycotoxin that is frequently observed along with deoxynivalenol (DON) and nivalenol (NIV) in agricultural commodities. This review aims to give an overview of the literature concerning the toxicology and toxicokinetics of FX. FX is primarily found in cereals grown in temperate regions, but it can also be found worldwide because of the global transport of products. The major toxicity of FX occurs through inhibition of protein synthesis, followed by the disruption of DNA synthesis. Moreover, FX has also been shown to induce apoptosis in in vitro and in vivo studies. The targets of FX are organs containing actively proliferating cells, such as the thymus, spleen, skin, small intestine, testes, and bone marrow. FX causes immunosuppression, intestinal malabsorption, developmental toxicity, and genotoxicity. In addition, sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals is currently lacking and the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classifies it as a group 3 carcinogen