[Needed The Private Part of The Women to be Examined by Perspective Maqasid Al-Shari’ah] Keperluan Membuka Aurat Ketika Rawatan Antenatal Menurut Perspektif Maqasid Al-Syari’ah

Antenatal care is a health treatment provided for pregnant woman throughout their pregnancy periods. Usually the treatment and procedures included will be conducted in health clinics or hospitals. The procedures involved aimed to provide the best health care treatment for both mothers and the baby. The periodic treatment given were according to the level of pregnant woman’s health to preserve the maslahah and to avoid the mafsadah. However, the step to achieve this maqasid al-shari’ah need to be defined especially regarding the procedure that need the private part of the women to be examined. The confusion to define the limitation for this procedure will lead into the misconception of the Islamic’s law permission regarding this matter. Therefore, this research intended to identify the permission and it’s limit in exposing the aurat especially the genital part from the perspective of maqasid al-shariah. Through the analysis of Muslim jurists literatures, manuals of antenatal treatment guidelines and interview had been conducted to Obstetrican and Gynecologist, the study found that in emergency condition which threatening life and body, exposing the part of the body is considered as daruriy. However, in ordinary situation to ease the treatment procedure, this was considered as hajiy. Hence the application of maslahah and mafsadah will be the reference point to identify the levels of daruriy or hajiy that is acknowledging by Islam in procedures.   Keywords: aurat; antenatal care; objectives of syari’ah; medical; maslahah and mafsada

[Needed The Private Part of The Women to be Examined by Perspective Maqasid Al-Shari’ah] Keperluan Membuka Aurat Ketika Rawatan Antenatal Menurut Perspektif Maqasid Al-Syari’ah

Antenatal care is a health treatment provided for pregnant woman throughout their pregnancy periods. Usually the treatment and procedures included will be conducted in health clinics or hospitals. The procedures involved aimed to provide the best health care treatment for both mothers and the baby. The periodic treatment given were according to the level of pregnant woman’s health to preserve the maslahah and to avoid the mafsadah. However, the step to achieve this maqasid al-shari’ah need to be defined especially regarding the procedure that need the private part of the women to be examined. The confusion to define the limitation for this procedure will lead into the misconception of the Islamic’s law permission regarding this matter. Therefore, this research intended to identify the permission and it’s limit in exposing the aurat especially the genital part from the perspective of maqasid al-shariah. Through the analysis of Muslim jurists literatures, manuals of antenatal treatment guidelines and interview had been conducted to Obstetrican and Gynecologist, the study found that in emergency condition which threatening life and body, exposing the part of the body is considered as daruriy. However, in ordinary situation to ease the treatment procedure, this was considered as hajiy. Hence the application of maslahah and mafsadah will be the reference point to identify the levels of daruriy or hajiy that is acknowledging by Islam in procedures.   Keywords: aurat; antenatal care; objectives of syari’ah; medical; maslahah and mafsada

[The Shariah-Derived Models of Medical Interactions between Healthcare Professionals and Patients] Model Interaksi Perubatan Patuh Syariah antara Petugas Kesihatan dan Pesakit

The Shariah-Derived Models of Medical Interactions between Healthcare Professionals and Patients are interaction/ relationship models constructed and reviewed from the religious perspective, Islamic jurisprudence in particular. The models were constructed based on various aspects pertaining to the healthcare professionals who provide the medical services or treatment, the patient-client who seeks for the treatment or consultations, involvement of a third party, the form of agreement involving all related parties, and the related Islamic rulings. The rulings were derived from the five basic rules pertaining to the actions and interactions of a person (al-ahkam ash-shar’iyyah al-taklifiyyah). The models were classified based on types of contracts involved, the profitability of the service rendered, as well as the related Islamic rulings. The interactions/ relationships are summarized into four models; Model A - Charitable Work/ Non-Profit Based, Model B - Profit Based, Model C - Civil Servant, and Model D - Private Employee/ Practice. Providing medical services is indeed a noble obligation. It involves certain requirements and principles in relation to the religious rulings that may differ from what are commonly practiced or understood. Model Interaksi Perubatan Patuh Syari’ah Antara Petugas Kesihatan dan Pesakit adalah model interaksi/ hubungan yang dirujuk dan dibina daripada sudut perspektif perundangan Islam. Model-model ini dibina berdasarkan pelbagai aspek yang berkaitan dengan petugas kesihatan yang menyediakan perkhidmatan perubatan, pesakit-klien yang memerlukan rawatan atau konsultasi, keterlibatan pihak ketiga, bentuk perjanjian/ kontrak yang melibatkan pihak-pihak yang terkait, dan ketetapan perundangan Islam yang berkaitan. Ketetapan-ketetapan tersebut berasal daripada lima peraturan dasar yang berkaitan dengan tindakan dan interaksi seseorang (al-ahkam asy-syar'iyyah al-taklifiyyah). Model diklasifikasikan berdasarkan keuntungan perkhidmatan yang diberikan, jenis perjanjian/ kontrak yang terlibat, dan juga perundangan-perundangan Islam yang berkaitan. Interaksi/ hubungan tersebut diringkaskan menjadi empat model; Model A - Kerja Amal / Tidak Berasaskan Kentungan, Model B - Berasaskan Keuntungan, Model C - Penjawat Awam, dan Model D - Pekerja / Perkhidmatan Swasta. Perawatan dan perkhidmatan perubatan merupakan kewajipan yang mulia. Ia melibatkan syarat dan prinsip tertentu yang berkaitan dengan peraturan agama yang mungkin berbeza dari apa yang biasa diamalkan atau difahami

Experimental Investigation Into Home Based Biodegradable Material As A Fertilizer Source

This project aims to investigate the functional group of hand-made Blackstrap Molasses Fertilizer using Blackstrap Molasses, Epsom Salt, and food wastes. The product was modified to enhance existing fertilizers in terms of environment, time, and cost. Several procedures were carried out started with a collection of food wastes, boiling food wastes with water until the food wastes were fully composted, cooling the food wastes and mixing with additives ingredients (Blackstrap Molasses and Epsom Salt). One type of test was used to test the fertilizer, which was the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. The Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy produced graph data that should be interpreted by referring to the spectroscopy chart. The results demonstrated that the wavenumber at peak 1, 2 and 3, which were 3238.9 cm-1, 2363 cm-1 and 1645 cm-1, in Blackstrap Molasses Fertilizer Infrared Spectrum Chart contained amines, phosphorus, and urea in the fertilizer. Amines, phosphorus, and urea are components that are important for plant growth development as these components are based on nitrogen and carbon elements. This study helps to reduce environmental pollution caused by food wastes and provide a more costeffective way of producing fertilizer using food wastes

Patient satisfaction with the quality of healthcare services at selected major outpatient clinics at Sultan Ahmad Shah Medical Centre Kuantan Pahang

INTRODUCTION: Patient satisfaction is a key factor in determining any gaps or inadequacies in the healthcare provider's services. This study aimed to measure the level of patient satisfaction and its associated factors towards the healthcare service of outpatient clinics in Sultan Ahmad Shah Medical Centre (SASMEC), IIUM, Kuantan, Pahang. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 1050 patients were recruited from internal medicine, paediatrics, surgery, obstetrics and gynaecology, orthopaedics, and psychiatry clinics between February 2021 and February 2022. A questionnaire was administered which consists of two parts: one that covers patients’ sociodemographic data and the other that assesses the patients’ level of satisfaction with the healthcare services using the Malay-validated Short-Form Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire (PSQ-18). RESULTS: The mean overall satisfaction level was 3.94 ± 0.46, with the highest mean scores in the interpersonal manners (4.2 ± 0.64) and communications (4.26 ± 0.56) domains. From the multivariate analysis, it was found that those patients in the lower income group (B40) were more satisfied with the quality of the healthcare services (B=0.172, 95% CI=0.08, 0.263) compared to the middle-income group. Being a student (B=-0.202, 95% CI=-0.296, -0.108) and having a follow-up treatment visit (B=-0.082, 95% CI=-0.156, -0.008), were significantly associated with lower satisfaction levels as compared to their counterparts. CONCLUSION: Overall, patients who attended SASMEC were satisfied with the service provided. Continuous service improvement aimed at patients’ household income, occupation and purpose of visit may help SASMEC enhance its service in the future

Global Retinoblastoma Presentation and Analysis by National Income Level.

Importance: Early diagnosis of retinoblastoma, the most common intraocular cancer, can save both a child's life and vision. However, anecdotal evidence suggests that many children across the world are diagnosed late. To our knowledge, the clinical presentation of retinoblastoma has never been assessed on a global scale. Objectives: To report the retinoblastoma stage at diagnosis in patients across the world during a single year, to investigate associations between clinical variables and national income level, and to investigate risk factors for advanced disease at diagnosis. Design, Setting, and Participants: A total of 278 retinoblastoma treatment centers were recruited from June 2017 through December 2018 to participate in a cross-sectional analysis of treatment-naive patients with retinoblastoma who were diagnosed in 2017. Main Outcomes and Measures: Age at presentation, proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma, and tumor stage and metastasis. Results: The cohort included 4351 new patients from 153 countries; the median age at diagnosis was 30.5 (interquartile range, 18.3-45.9) months, and 1976 patients (45.4%) were female. Most patients (n = 3685 [84.7%]) were from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Globally, the most common indication for referral was leukocoria (n = 2638 [62.8%]), followed by strabismus (n = 429 [10.2%]) and proptosis (n = 309 [7.4%]). Patients from high-income countries (HICs) were diagnosed at a median age of 14.1 months, with 656 of 666 (98.5%) patients having intraocular retinoblastoma and 2 (0.3%) having metastasis. Patients from low-income countries were diagnosed at a median age of 30.5 months, with 256 of 521 (49.1%) having extraocular retinoblastoma and 94 of 498 (18.9%) having metastasis. Lower national income level was associated with older presentation age, higher proportion of locally advanced disease and distant metastasis, and smaller proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma. Advanced disease at diagnosis was more common in LMICs even after adjusting for age (odds ratio for low-income countries vs upper-middle-income countries and HICs, 17.92 [95% CI, 12.94-24.80], and for lower-middle-income countries vs upper-middle-income countries and HICs, 5.74 [95% CI, 4.30-7.68]). Conclusions and Relevance: This study is estimated to have included more than half of all new retinoblastoma cases worldwide in 2017. Children from LMICs, where the main global retinoblastoma burden lies, presented at an older age with more advanced disease and demonstrated a smaller proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma, likely because many do not reach a childbearing age. Given that retinoblastoma is curable, these data are concerning and mandate intervention at national and international levels. Further studies are needed to investigate factors, other than age at presentation, that may be associated with advanced disease in LMICs

Deep-piRNA: bi-layered prediction model for PIWI-interacting RNA using discriminative features

Piwi-interacting Ribonucleic acids (piRNAs) molecule is a well-known subclass of small non-coding RNA molecules that are mainly responsible for maintaining genome integrity, regulating gene expression, and germline stem cell maintenance by suppressing transposon elements. The piRNAs molecule can be used for the diagnosis of multiple tumor types and drug development. Due to the vital roles of the piRNA in computational biology, the identification of piRNAs has become an important area of research in computational biology. This paper proposes a two-layer predictor to improve the prediction of piRNAs and their function using deep learning methods. The proposed model applies various feature extraction methods to consider both structure information and physicochemical properties of the biological sequences during the feature extraction process. The outcome of the proposed model is extensively evaluated using the k-fold cross-validation method. The evaluation result shows that the proposed predictor performed better than the existing models with accuracy improvement of 7.59% and 2.81% at layer I and layer II respectively. It is anticipated that the proposed model could be a beneficial tool for cancer diagnosis and precision medicine

Metformin-induced severe enteropathy: a case report

We highlighted a case of an elderly man with uncontrolled diabetes experienced unbearable chronic diarrhoea for 18 months with the extent of wearing diapers daily. He was having numerous investigation to exclude causes such as malignancy and other red flags chronic diarrhoea causes. His abdominal x-ray portrays extensive abnormal gas pattern at small and large bowel but no dilatation yet other examination tests were inconclusive. His symptoms gradually resolved and achieve full recovery after discontinued Metformin. Even though, metformin was widely use, the most common cause of chronic diarrhoea among diabetic patient is still metformin until proven otherwise. Hence, the necessary precaution should be practice as extent of reaction of metformin adverse drug reaction (ADR) to gastrointestinal tract vary commonly mild to moderate and rarely severe reaction. The delay of suspicion of metformin�induced enteropathy was significantly impaired his social life, burden with unnecessary invasive investigation and hinder the management of diabetes to achieve good glycaemic control. This case emphasizes on the crucial aspect of assessing drug history and attempt drug free-interval if suspicion of adverse drug reaction

Valsartan induced exanthematous macular skin lesions

Valsartan is one of the common angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) that typically used in the treatment of hypertension, heart failure and chronic kidney disease (CKD). In certain circumstances, it is used as an alternate in patients who are intolerant to angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-i) 1 It selectively blocks angiotensin 1 receptor and hence it prevents the action of angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor1 In the limited number of case report, there is a rare event of Valsartan-related cutaneous side effects manifestation2,3,4. This case report highlighted the rare skin manifestation related to Valsartan prescribed to control hypertension