ISOLASI DAN IDENTIFIKASI BAKTERI ASAM LAKTAT(BAL) PADA FERMENTASI PLIEK U (PRODUK OLAHAN KELAPA TRADISIONAL ACEH)

Pliek u merupakan makanan tradisional khas Aceh, terbuat dari endosperm kelapa yang difermentasi selama beberapa hari dan memanfaatkan Bakteri Asam Laktat (BAL). BAL adalah kelompok bakteri yang mampu mengubah karbohidrat menjadi asam laktat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi jenis BAL pada fermentasi pliek u. Parameter yang diamati adalah morfologi koloni (bentuk, tepian, elevasi dan warna isolat), morfologi sel (bentuk sel dan pewarnaan Gram), dan jenis BAL yang didapatkan pada fermentasi pliek u. Dari hasil penelitian ini diperoleh enam isolat BAL yang merupakan kelompok Gram positif, katalase negatif, sel berbentuk batang dan bulat telur. Keenam isolat ini secara umum memiliki morfologi koloni yaitu bentuk bulat, warna krem dan putih susu, tepian licin dan elevasi cembung. Hasil uji biokimia dan identifikasi menunjukkan bahwa didapatkan enam isolat yang terdiri dari lima jenis BAL yaitu tiga isolat bakteri termasuk kelompok bakteri dari famili Lactobacillaceae, genus Lactobacillus, yaitu isolat IPU 1, IPU 2 dan IPU 3, sedangkan dua isolat bakteri termasuk kelompok bakteri dari famili Enterococcaceae, genus Enterococcus yaitu IPU 4 dan IPU 5. Isolat IPU 6 merupakan jenis spesies yang sama dengan IPU 4. IPU 1 merupakan bakteri Lactobacillus salivarius, IPU 2 adalah Lactobacillus plantarum, IPU 3 adalah Lactobacillus casei, IPU 4 dan IPU 6 adalah Enterococcus faecalis, dan IPU 5 adalah Enterococcus durans.Kata kunci : Pliek u, identifikasi, bakteri asam laktat, fermentasi

IDENTIFIKASI MOLEKULER AKTINOBAKTERI ATIS61 DAN KARAKTERISASI AKTIVITAS ENZIM PROTEASENYA

Banda Ace

“They are human beings, they are Swazi”: intersecting stigmas and the positive health, dignity and prevention needs of HIV-positive men who have sex with men in Swaziland

Introduction: Despite the knowledge that men who have sex with men (MSM) are more likely to be infected with HIV across settings, there has been little investigation of the experiences of MSM who are living with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa. Using the framework of positive health, dignity and prevention, we explored the experiences and HIV prevention, care and treatment needs of MSM who are living with HIV in Swaziland. Methods: We conducted 40 in-depth interviews with 20 HIV-positive MSM, 16 interviews with key informants and three focus groups with MSM community members. Qualitative analysis was iterative and included debriefing sessions with a study staff, a stakeholders’ workshop and coding for key themes using Atlas.ti. Results: The predominant theme was the significant and multiple forms of stigma and discrimination faced by MSM living with HIV in this setting due to both their sexual identity and HIV status. Dual stigma led to selective disclosure or lack of disclosure of both identities, and consequently a lack of social support for care-seeking and medication adherence. Perceived and experienced stigma from healthcare settings, particularly around sexual identity, also led to delayed care-seeking, travel to more distant clinics and missed opportunities for appropriate services. Participants described experiences of violence and lack of police protection as well as mental health challenges. Key informants, however, reflected on their duty to provide non-discriminatory services to all Swazis regardless of personal beliefs. Conclusions: Intersectionality provides a framework for understanding the experiences of dual stigma and discrimination faced by MSM living with HIV in Swaziland and highlights how programmes and policies should consider the specific needs of this population when designing HIV prevention, care and treatment services. In Swaziland, the health sector should consider providing specialized training for healthcare providers, distributing condoms and lubricants and engaging MSM as peer outreach workers or expert clients. Interventions to reduce stigma, discrimination and violence against MSM and people living with HIV are also needed for both healthcare workers and the general population. Finally, research on experiences and needs of MSM living with HIV globally can help inform comprehensive HIV services for this population

HIV among men who have sex with men in Malawi: elucidating HIV prevalence and correlates of infection to inform HIV prevention

Introduction: There are limited data characterizing the burden of HIV among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Malawi. Epidemiologic research and access to HIV prevention, treatment and care services have been traditionally limited in Malawi by criminalization and stigmatization of same-sex practices. To inform the development of a comprehensive HIV prevention intervention for Malawian MSM, we conducted a community-led assessment of HIV prevalence and correlates of infection. Methods: From April 2011 to March 2012, 338 MSM were enrolled in a cross-sectional study in Blantyre, Malawi. Participants were recruited by respondent-driven sampling methods (RDS), reaching 19 waves. Trained staff administered the socio-behavioural survey and HIV and syphilis voluntary counselling and testing. Results: Crude HIV and syphilis prevalence estimates were 15.4% (RDS-weighted 12.5%, 95% confidence interval (CI): 7.3–17.8) and 5.3% (RDS-weighted 4.4%, 95% CI: 3.1–7.6), respectively. Ninety per cent (90.4%, unweighted) of HIV infections were reported as being previously undiagnosed. Participants were predominantly gay-identified (60.8%) or bisexually identified (36.3%); 50.7% reported recent concurrent relationships. Approximately half reported consistent condom use (always or almost always) with casual male partners, and proportions were relatively uniform across partner types and genders. The prevalence of perceived and experienced stigma exceeded 20% for almost all variables, 11.4% ever experienced physical violence and 7% were ever raped. Current age >25 years (RDS-weighted adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 3.9, 95% CI: 1.2–12.7), single marital status (RDS-weighted AOR: 0.3; 95% CI: 0.1–0.8) and age of first sex with a man <16 years (RDS-weighted AOR: 4.3, 95% CI: 1.2–15.0) were independently associated with HIV infection. Conclusions: Results demonstrate that MSM represent an underserved, at-risk population for HIV services in Malawi and merit comprehensive HIV prevention services. Results provide a number of priorities for research and prevention programmes for MSM, including providing access to and encouraging regular confidential HIV testing and counselling, and risk reduction counselling related to anal intercourse. Other targets include the provision of condoms and compatible lubricants, HIV prevention information, and HIV and sexually transmitted infection treatment and adherence support. Addressing multiple levels of HIV risk, including structural factors, may help to ensure that programmes have sufficient coverage to impact this HIV epidemic among MSM