On the Hypothetical State of Nature of Hobbes and Kant; Same Premises, Different Conclusions

Although there are stable and settled strains and classifications of social contract theorists, mainly contractualist – contractarianists, hypothetical – historical, and modern – contemporary, these classifications are not always specific and distinct. In fact, the same philosopher can be listed in more than one category, depending on different evaluations and perspectives. At times, the names of the thinkers on the list of any category can be very fluid. Moreover, some philosophers, because of the sharp distinction between them, are rarely mentioned together in one list or category, as is the case of Hobbes and Kant. In this paper, I will argue that Hobbes and Kant, with all their distinctions and differences, can be listed in the hypothetical agreement list, if we consider their “state of nature” as the starting point. From this perspective, I will argue that they exhibit less diversity than is usually acknowledged

Production of Trans-C18:1 and Conjugated Linoleic Acid Production by Ruminal Microbes in Continuous Culture Fermenters Fed Diets Containing Fish Oil and Sun Flower Oil with Decreasing Levels of Forage

Previously, feeding fish oil (FO) and sunflower seeds to dairy cows resulted in the greatest increases in the concentrations of vaccenic acid (VA, t11 C18:1) and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in milk fat. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of forage level in diets containing FO and sunflower oil (SFO) on the production of trans C18:1 and CLA by mixed ruminal microbes. A dual-flow continuous culture system consisting of three fermenters was used in a 3 × 3 Latin-square design. Treatments consisted of (1) 75:25 forage:concentrate (HF); (2) 50:50 forage:concentrate (MF); and (3) 25:75 forage:concentrate (LF). FO and SFO were added to each diet at 1 and 2 g/100 g dry matter (DM), respectively. The forage source was alfalfa pellets. During 10-day incubations, fermenters were fed treatment diets three times daily (140 g/day, divided equally between three feedings) as TMR diet. Effluents from the last 3 days of incubation were collected and composited for analysis. The concentration of trans C18:1 (17.20, 26.60, and 36.08 mg/g DM overflow for HF, MF, and LF treatments, respectively) increased while CLA (2.53, 2.35, and 0.81 mg/g DM overflow) decreased in a linear manner ( P \u3c 0.05) as dietary forage level decreased. As dietary forage levels decreased, the concentrations of t10 C18:1 (0.0, 10.5, 33.5 mg/g DM) in effluent increased ( P \u3c 0.05) and t10c12 CLA (0.08, 0.12, 0.35 mg/g DM) tended to increases ( P \u3c 0.09) linearly. The concentrations of VA (14.7, 13.9, 0.0 mg/g DM) and c9t11 CLA (1.78, 1.52, 0.03 mg/g DM) in effluent decreased in a linear manner ( P \u3c 0.05) as dietary forage levels decreased. Decreasing dietary forage levels resulted in t10 C18:1 and t10c12 CLA replacing VA and c9t11 CLA, respectively, in fermenters fed FO and SFO

Asymptotic behavior of the average local ionization energy in finite basis sets

The average local ionization energy (ALIE) has important applications in several areas of electronic structure theory. Theoretically, the ALIE should asymptotically approach the first vertical ionization energy (IE) of the system, as implied by the rate of exponential decay of the electron density; for one-determinantal wavefunctions, this IE is the negative of the highest-occupied orbital energy. In practice, finite-basis-set representations of the ALIE exhibit seemingly irregular and sometimes dramatic deviations from the expected asymptotic behavior. We analyze the long-range behavior of the ALIE in finite basis sets and explain the puzzling observations. The findings have implications for practical calculations of the ALIE, the construction of Kohn–Sham potentials from wavefunctions and electron densities, and basis-set development

Combined resonance and vibration reduction of non linear dynamical system subject to tuned excitation

The non-linear dynamical system subject to tuned excitation is consider, and studied . The system is represented by two degree of freedom differential equations of the system and absorber. The method of multiple scale is applied to solve the system up to 3rd order approximation. Effect of different parameters is studied numerically all resonance cases are studied numerically to obtain the worst case . Stability of the system is investigated using both phase plane and frequency response curves

Fabrication and Characterization of Nanofibers Membranes using Electrospinning Technology for Oil Removal

تعتبر المياه العادمة الزيتية أحدى أكثر التدفقات التي يصعب التعامل معها خاصة إذا وجد الزيت على شكل طور مستحلب. في هذه الدراسة، تم استخدام طريقة الغزل الكهربائي لتحضيرأغشية الياف نانوية رقيقة من البولي فينيل فلورايد ودراسة أدائها في إزالة الزيت. تم تضمين جسيمات الجرافين في غشاء البولي فينيل فلورايد المغزول كهربائيا لتعزيز كفاءة الأغشية. تم توصيف الأغشية المحضرة باستخدام الفحص المجهري الإلكتروني الماسح للتحقق من استقرار الجرافين على سطح الغشاء بشكل متجانس، بينما تم استخدام التحليل الطيفي بالأشعة تحت الحمراء للكشف عن المجموعات الوظيفية على سطح الغشاء. تم تقييم قابلية الغشاء و مدى كونه محب للماء عن طريق قياس زاوية التلامس. تم اختبار كفاءة غشاء البولي فينيل فلورايد / جرافين في فصل الزيت المستحلب عن المحاليل المائية مقارنة مع غشاء البولي فينيل فلورايد المصنعة بنفس الطريقة ولكن بدون اي اضافات. أظهرت النتائج أن غشاء ألياف النانو البولي فينيل فلورايد / جرافين أظهر أداء أفضل من غشاء ألياف النانو بدون إضافات بمتوسط تدفق مياه 210 و 180 لتر /م2 ساعة على التوالي. أظهر كلا الغشاءين رفضًا عاليًا للزيت بنسبة تزيد عن 98٪.Oily wastewater is one of the most challenging streams to deal with especially if the oil exists in emulsified form. In this study, electrospinning method was used to prepare nanofiberous polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes and study their performance in oil removal. Graphene particles were embedded in the electrospun PVDF membrane to enhance the efficiency of the membranes. The prepared membranes were characterized using a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to verify the graphene stabilization on the surface of the membrane homogeneously; while FTIR was used to detect the functional groups on the membrane surface. The membrane wettability was assessed by measuring the contact angle. The PVDF and PVDF / Graphene membranes efficiency was tested in separation of emulsified oil from aqueous solutions. The results showed that PVDF-Graphene nanofiber membrane exhibited better performance than the plain PVDF nanofiber membrane with average water flux of 210 and 180 L.m-2.h-1, respectively. Both membranes showed high oil rejection with more than 98%