Understanding the user in low energy housing: a comparison of positivist and phenomenological approaches

This paper, based on UK practice, sets out a series of examples of previous studies of low energy housing and housing modernisation which illustrate the main approaches to studying housing and energy issues. The four approaches exemplified are technical assessments, building oriented research, people oriented research and in-depth qualitative studies, each of which sit at different points along a spectrum running from positivism to phenomenology, with the former two examples sitting further towards the positivist end and the latter two further towards phenomenology. Through an assessment of examples of each approach, we explore the argument that qualitative and discursive research methodologies have a useful role to play, complementing more quantitative approaches in the field of domestic energy. The paper supports this view, underlines the importance of triangulation and recognises the continuing relevance of studies of building performance. It goes further, however, by questioning which of these approaches should take priority. It is concluded that open-ended qualitative research, exemplified by phenomenological and hermeneutic traditions, are better equipped to investigate the home, as experienced and, in doing so, to identify the range of factors that influence domestic energy consumption

Neural networks applied to traffic management in telephone networks

In this paper the application of neural networks to some of the network management tasks carried out in a regional Bell telephone company is described. Network managers monitor the telephone network for abnormal conditions and have the ability to place controls in the network to improve traffic flow. Conclusions are drawn regarding the utility and effectiveness of the neural networks in automating the network management tasks

Storytelling as oral history: revealing the changing experience of home heating in England

Oral history provides a means of understanding heating behaviour through encouraging respondents to articulate the past in terms of stories. Unlike other qualitative methods, oral history foregrounds the ontology of personal experiences in a way that is well suited to revealing previously undocumented phenomena in the private world of the home. Three types of change may be distinguished: long term historical change, change associated with the life-cycle stage of the individual and sudden change. A sample of eight in-depth interviews is used to demonstrate the potential of oral history in the study of home heating. The themes to emerge from the interviews include early memories of the home, the financial struggle to heat the home, the influence of childhood experiences in adulthood and the association between warmth and comfort. For the future, domestic comfort, energy conservation and carbon reduction need to be reconciled with one another

Network Operators Advice and Assistance (NOAA): a real-time traffic rerouting expert system

A real-time autonomous expert system has been developed to carry out traffic management in the Southern Californian telephone network. The system has been working on live data since September 1991 and generates rerouting advice that agrees with that generated by the present network management procedures. A modular software design was adopted to allow for evolution. A graphics interface allows the user to easily navigate through the display of exception conditions and advice. Exceptions are shown highlighted on a map of Southern California. A severity measure is calculated for each exception and is used to prioritize the display of information

Neural networks applied to traffic management in telephone networks

In this paper the application of neural networks to some of the network management tasks carried out in a regional Bell telephone company is described. Network managers monitor the telephone network for abnormal conditions and have the ability to place controls in the network to improve traffic flow. Conclusions are drawn regarding the utility and effectiveness of the neural networks in automating the network management tasks

Coping with extremes, creating comfort: user experiences of ‘low-energy’ homes in Australia.

Low- and zero-energy homes are core elements in transitioning the housing stock towards a more environmentally sustainable model that responds to concerns about climate change and the need for energy demand reduction. Whilst there is a growing body of work on the technical performance of these homes, less attention has been paid to the experiences of users, particularly in cooling-dominated climates. Drawing on interviews that utilise an oral history approach with householders in Lochiel Park Green Village in South Australia, this research situates experiences and energy practices within individual housing histories in order to better understand the relationship between the occupant, the building and the resultant energy use. Within the context of debates around adaptive comfort practices this innovative method reveals that, despite the expectations of some residents, moving to a ‘low-energy’ home has reduced rather than eliminated their active involvement in maintaining a thermally comfortable environment

Network Operators Advice and Assistance (NOAA): a real-time traffic rerouting expert system

A real-time autonomous expert system has been developed to carry out traffic management in the Southern Californian telephone network. The system has been working on live data since September 1991 and generates rerouting advice that agrees with that generated by the present network management procedures. A modular software design was adopted to allow for evolution. A graphics interface allows the user to easily navigate through the display of exception conditions and advice. Exceptions are shown highlighted on a map of Southern California. A severity measure is calculated for each exception and is used to prioritize the display of information

Numerical modelling of the rise of Taylor bubbles through a change in pipe diameter

The rise of Taylor bubbles through expansions in vertical pipes is modelled using Computational Fluid Dynamics. The predictions from the models are compared against existing experimental work and show good agreement, both quantitatively and qualitatively. Many workers, including the present work, find that, as the bubble passes through the expansion, it will either remain intact or split into one or more daughter bubbles. We find that the critical length of bubble, defined as the maximum length that will pass through intact, is proportional to the cosecant of the angle of the expansion. Further, we show that for an abrupt expansion, the critical bubble length became unaffected by the walls of the upper pipe as the diameter was increased

Modernity, Materiality and Domestic Technology: A Case Study of Cooling and Heating from South Australia

This paper uses oral history as an appropriate method to reveal how residents in the “green village” of Lochiel Park, South Australia, have changed their heating and cooling practises over their life courses. The analysis shows how concepts of modernity, largely drawn from Simmel, help analyze the narratives of the respondents and how these reveal both an increased reliance on technology in their life time and an increased involvement in the money economy. The narratives of the respondents at Lochiel Park express a paradox in which technological innovation has almost certainly enabled reduced energy use and reduced carbon emissions compared to the recent past, whilst also facilitating greater use of non-renewable energy sources compared to the period before the introduction of air conditioning. Based on the comments on residents, improved technology in building and in heating and cooling is likely to remain the most viable strategy towards sustainable thermal comfort