Engagement online et expérimentation en milieu naturel : retours d'expériences

International audienceL'engagement est un sujet très actuel. Tantôt on le met en avant, tantôt on déplore son absence. Il semblerait cependant que l'on ait plus souvent à regretter le désengagement voire même le manque d'engagement. Mais de quoi parle-t-on ? Existe-t-il plusieurs formes d'engagement ? Dans ce cas, s'affrontent-t-elles ou sont-elles complémentaires ? Comment mesurer, évaluer l'engagement ? La communication peut-elle le favoriser ? Qui serait alors concerné ? Un petit nombre d'individus ou de grands groupes ? Voici livrées quelques-unes des interrogations qui nous ont menés à conduire la recherche décrite ci-dessous. Aussi, après avoir contextualisé notre contribution, dans une première partie, nous présenterons l'engagement sous un angle théorique, nous verrons comment la communication peut conduire à un engagement en actes, et comment s'y prendre pour amener de grands groupes à être engagés. Nous serons alors conduits à transposer aux environnements numériques une conception de l'engagement primitivement étudiée dans le cadre de communications en face-à-face. Ensuite, nous verrons comment peut être déployée une procédure de communication engageante, au travers d'un exemple concret. Il s'agissait d'expérimenter cette procédure et de la mettre au service d'une démarche éco-citoyenne, en cherchant à favoriser la pratique du covoiturage au sein d'une population d'étudiants. Enfin, nous ouvrirons notre propos sur des réflexions méthodologiques en proposant implicitement des voies de recherche à venir

Etude des effets d'ordre dans la recherche d'information sur le Web : le cas d'une expérimentation sur les techniques de sevrage tabagique

International audienceThis article deals with cognitive biases that could affect the judgment of net surfers while reading a list of answers, after a query in a search engine. The hypothesis is made that order effects i.e primacy and/or recency could be observed in such contexts. The authors choose to test it by doing an experiment in controlledenvironment. So they decide to focus more particularly on the field of smoking cessation techniques and refine their questioning as follows: After a query into a search engine, does the place of a medication in a list determines the idea of its relevance, for a student population? By comparing three different groups, the authors demonstrate a primacy effect and no recency effect. In addition, they highlight five moderating variables: sex of the individual, the fact that he is a smoker or not, the fact that he had, or not, originally any opinion about methods of smoking cessation, the fact whether or not he is affected by health problems related to smoking, speed reading on the Web interface. The authors conclude speaking in favour of information literacy education. For them, in the case presented, it would be relevant as a medical point of view, in terms of public health, as a point of socioeconomic development.Cet article traite de biais cognitifs qui pourraient affecter le jugement des internautes lors de la lecture d'une liste de réponses, suite à une requête dans un moteur de recherche. L'hypothèse est faite que des effets d'ordre i.e. de primauté et/ou de récence pourraient être observés dans de tels contextes. Les auteurs choisissent de la tester en réalisant une expérimentation en milieu contrôlé. Ils choisissent alors de s'intéresser plus particulièrement au domaine des techniques de sevrage tabagique et affinent leur questionnement ainsi : A la suite d'une requête dans un moteur de recherche, la place d'une médication dans une liste détermine-telle l'idée que se fait une population d'étudiants de sa pertinence ? En comparant trois groupes différents, les auteurs démontrent un effet de primauté et l'absence d'effet de récence. De plus, ils mettent en relief cinq variables modératrices : le sexe de l'individu, le fait qu'il soit fumeur ou non, le fait qu'il ait eu primitivement un avis ou non à propos des méthodes de sevrage tabagique, le fait qu'il soit ou pas concerné par des problèmes de santé liés au tabagisme, sa vitesse de lecture sur l'interface Web. Les auteurs concluent en plaidant pour une éducation à la culture informationnelle

L'influence du chiffre dans la réception d'une information: une approche comparative

This article focuses on studying the potential power of influence of an information supported by statistics. The authors seek to explore this proposal from various hypotheses by comparing the relative effect on a group of students of plural formulations containing or not statistics. From this work emerges a new question that sounds against-intuitive, this generation may be more sensitive to the information when the latter is supported by moderated statistics.Cet article s’intéresse à étudier l’éventuel pouvoir d’influence que détiendraient des informations soutenues par des statistiques. Les auteurs cherchent à explorer cette proposition à partir de différentes hypothèses en comparant, sur des sujets étudiants, l’effet relatif produit par des formulations plurielles contenant ou non des données statistiques. De ce travail émerge une nouvelle question a priori contre-intuitive : cette génération pourrait être plus sensible aux informations qui lui sont présentées de manière plus nuancée

A fate for organic acids, formaldehyde and methanol in cloud water: their biotransformation by micro-organisms

International audienceThe interactions between microbial and chemical contents of cloud water were investigated. First, we observe that the bulk cloud water solution provides a substantial environment where bacteria can develop significantly. Then, a total number of 60 microbial strains originating from seven distinct samples of cloud water and affiliated to various taxonomic groups were looked for their ability to degrade some of the main atmospheric carboxylic compounds: formate, acetate, lactate, succinate, formaldehyde and methanol. Biodegradation tests show that all these compounds can be transformed when used as single carbonaceous substrates, with activities depending on both the strain and the compound. The highest capacities of biodegradation are observed towards formaldehyde, formate and acetate, which are also the more concentrated compounds typically measured in cloud water. Hence, analyses by 1H NMR permitted to establish for instance that compounds like pyruvate or fumarate can be produced and released in the media in relation to the transformation of lactate or succinate. In addition, utilization of 13C labelled formaldehyde showed that it can be transformed through many metabolic pathways, similar to those induced by photochemistry and leading to the production of formate and/or methanol. These results suggest that microorganisms of cloud water can have various behaviours towards the chemical compounds present in the atmosphere: they can represent either a sink or source for organic carbon, and may have to be considered as actors of cloud chemistry

Résilience communautaire: le cas du Liban

In a turbulent and aggressive environment, organizations are subject to external events. They are sometimes destabilized and can disappear. This context explains the multiplication of works studying resilience of human organizations. Resilience is then defined as the ability of the organization studied to face an external shock.This paper proposes a state of the art of resilience concept and considers the interests of the transposition of the concept to the field of a territorial community. A case study will lead us to apply the concept of resilience to the Lebanese nation

Further analysis of the quantum critical point of Ce1−x_{1-x}Lax_{x}Ru2_{2}Si2_{2}

New data on the spin dynamics and the magnetic order of Ce$_{1-x}$La$_{x}$Ru$_{2}$Si$_{2}$ are presented. The importance of the Kondo effect at the quantum critical point of this system is emphasized from the behaviour of the relaxation rate at high temperature and from the variation of the ordered moment with respect to the one of the N\'eel temperature for various $x$.Comment: Contribution for the Festschrift on the occasion of Hilbert von Loehneysen 60 th birthday. To be published as a special issue in the Journal of Low Temperature Physic

revista de Ciências da Arte

O segundo volume do dossier temático Ars Ludens, procura explorar relações entre a dimensão lúdica com a tecnológica, com especial atenção aos problemas do videojogo, sobretudo nas suas tensões enquanto questão lúdica e artística. Várias questões se envolvem nessa tensão, destacando-se se o videojogo pode ser arte? E como? Ou até que ponto? Ou ainda, como se entende e recebe teórica e criticamente essa possibilidade? Temos depois as suas problemáticas curatoriais. Como se pode expor o videojogo e o que implica e significa enquanto exercício curatorial? O que é contemplar um videojogo como obra de arte ou como modo lúdico? Ou se só pode ser acção do próprio utilizador/jogador? Outra dimensão está nas alterações tecnológicas no próprio seio da ludicidade e do jogo: por exemplo, que alterações trouxeram os videojogos no campo do uso e prazer lúdico? E quais as suas implicações na nossa experiência do mundo?info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

The Athena X-ray Integral Field Unit: a consolidated design for the system requirement review of the preliminary definition phase

The Athena X-ray Integral Unit (X-IFU) is the high resolution X-ray spectrometer, studied since 2015 for flying in the mid-30s on the Athena space X-ray Observatory, a versatile observatory designed to address the Hot and Energetic Universe science theme, selected in November 2013 by the Survey Science Committee. Based on a large format array of Transition Edge Sensors (TES), it aims to provide spatially resolved X-ray spectroscopy, with a spectral resolution of 2.5 eV (up to 7 keV) over an hexagonal field of view of 5 arc minutes (equivalent diameter). The X-IFU entered its System Requirement Review (SRR) in June 2022, at about the same time when ESA called for an overall X-IFU redesign (including the X-IFU cryostat and the cooling chain), due to an unanticipated cost overrun of Athena. In this paper, after illustrating the breakthrough capabilities of the X-IFU, we describe the instrument as presented at its SRR, browsing through all the subsystems and associated requirements. We then show the instrument budgets, with a particular emphasis on the anticipated budgets of some of its key performance parameters. Finally we briefly discuss on the ongoing key technology demonstration activities, the calibration and the activities foreseen in the X-IFU Instrument Science Center, and touch on communication and outreach activities, the consortium organisation, and finally on the life cycle assessment of X-IFU aiming at minimising the environmental footprint, associated with the development of the instrument. Thanks to the studies conducted so far on X-IFU, it is expected that along the design-to-cost exercise requested by ESA, the X-IFU will maintain flagship capabilities in spatially resolved high resolution X-ray spectroscopy, enabling most of the original X-IFU related scientific objectives of the Athena mission to be retained. (abridged).Comment: 48 pages, 29 figures, Accepted for publication in Experimental Astronomy with minor editin

The Athena X-ray Integral Field Unit: a consolidated design for the system requirement review of the preliminary definition phase

The Athena X-ray Integral Unit (X-IFU) is the high resolution X-ray spectrometer studied since 2015 for flying in the mid-30s on the Athena space X-ray Observatory. Athena is a versatile observatory designed to address the Hot and Energetic Universe science theme, as selected in November 2013 by the Survey Science Committee. Based on a large format array of Transition Edge Sensors (TES), X-IFU aims to provide spatially resolved X-ray spectroscopy, with a spectral resolution of 2.5 eV (up to 7 keV) over a hexagonal field of view of 5 arc minutes (equivalent diameter). The X-IFU entered its System Requirement Review (SRR) in June 2022, at about the same time when ESA called for an overall X-IFU redesign (including the X-IFU cryostat and the cooling chain), due to an unanticipated cost overrun of Athena. In this paper, after illustrating the breakthrough capabilities of the X-IFU, we describe the instrument as presented at its SRR (i.e. in the course of its preliminary definition phase, so-called B1), browsing through all the subsystems and associated requirements. We then show the instrument budgets, with a particular emphasis on the anticipated budgets of some of its key performance parameters, such as the instrument efficiency, spectral resolution, energy scale knowledge, count rate capability, non X-ray background and target of opportunity efficiency. Finally, we briefly discuss the ongoing key technology demonstration activities, the calibration and the activities foreseen in the X-IFU Instrument Science Center, touch on communication and outreach activities, the consortium organisation and the life cycle assessment of X-IFU aiming at minimising the environmental footprint, associated with the development of the instrument. Thanks to the studies conducted so far on X-IFU, it is expected that along the design-to-cost exercise requested by ESA, the X-IFU will maintain flagship capabilities in spatially resolved high resolution X-ray spectroscopy, enabling most of the original X-IFU related scientific objectives of the Athena mission to be retained. The X-IFU will be provided by an international consortium led by France, The Netherlands and Italy, with ESA member state contributions from Belgium, Czech Republic, Finland, Germany, Poland, Spain, Switzerland, with additional contributions from the United States and Japan.The French contribution to X-IFU is funded by CNES, CNRS and CEA. This work has been also supported by ASI (Italian Space Agency) through the Contract 2019-27-HH.0, and by the ESA (European Space Agency) Core Technology Program (CTP) Contract No. 4000114932/15/NL/BW and the AREMBES - ESA CTP No.4000116655/16/NL/BW. This publication is part of grant RTI2018-096686-B-C21 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by “ERDF A way of making Europe”. This publication is part of grant RTI2018-096686-B-C21 and PID2020-115325GB-C31 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033

Le sens du clic de souris questionné par la communication numérique engageante

International audience우리는 어떻게 우리들의 행동에 의미를 부여하게 되는가? 어떠 한 근거에서 우리는 결정하고, 행위하는 것을 선택하거나 행동을 변경하는 것을 선택하는가? 이러한 질문들은 결국 커뮤니케이션과 행동 사이의 관계에 대한 질문으로 연결된다. 인간존재는 자신의 행동들의 의미작용에 대해서 제대로 알지 못하고, 맥락적이고 외 부적인 요소들의 작용 속에서, 경험에 의거해 귀납적으로 그 행위 들을 합리화한다. 이러한 의미에서, 어떤 개인이 타인에 의한 압력 이 아니라, 선택하는 자유의 감정을 가지게 될 때, 다른 말로 하 면, 자유의 감정의 의미적 발화가 그를 행동들로 이끌 때, 그 개인 은 의미생산과 연관된 참여적 커뮤니케이션에 이르게 된다. 특히, 디지털 문화 시대에 있어서, 마우스 클릭을 통한 행위의 자유는 인터넷 상의 효과적인 커뮤니케이션을 위해 가장 중요한 요소들 중 하나로 볼 수 있다. 하이퍼텍스트적 관계의 형태 속에서, 인터 넷 사용자에게 있어서 마우스 클릭은 특정한 맥락 속에서 클릭을 하는 자의 참여를 생산하게 되는 것이다. 기호학적 개념과 연관된 실험 사회 심리학의 몇몇 연구를 보면서, 본 논문에서 참여적 디 지털 커뮤니케이션에 의해서 제기되는 마우스 클릭의 의미를 생각 해 보고자 한다