Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Clonality Analysis of Cutaneous B-Cell Lymphoproliferative Processes

INTRODUCTION: The differential diagnosis of B-cell lymphoproliferative processes remains a challenge for pathologists, dermatologists and oncologists, despite advances in histology, immunohistochemistry and molecular biology. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate aid and limitations of clonality analysis in the diagnosis of primary cutaneous B-cell lymphomas and B-cell pseudolymphomas. METHODS: This study included 29 cases of B-cell lymphoproliferative processes classified as primary cutaneous B-cell lymphomas (13), B-cell pseudolymphomas (6) and inconclusive cases (10) using histology and immunohistochemistry. The clonality analysis was performed by polymerase chain reaction analysis of immunoglobulin light chain and heavy chain rearrangements. RESULTS: DNA quality was shown to be generally poor; eight samples were inadequate for polymerase chain reaction analysis. The results showed monoclonality in eight of the primary cutaneous B-cell lymphomas and polyclonality in four of the B-cell pseudolymphomas. In addition, monoclonality was shown in two of the inconclusive cases by histology and immunohistochemistry, demonstrating the utility of polymerase chain reaction as an ancillary diagnostic tool for primary cutaneous B-cell lymphomas. DISCUSSION: The low quality DNA extracted from these cases demanded the use of an IgH protocol that yielded small fragments and IgK. Both methods used together improved detection. CONCLUSION: Use of the two protocols, immunoglobulin heavy chain FR3-trad and immunoglobulin light chain-Kappa Biomed protocols for clonality analysis improved diagnostic accuracy

Genome-wide Association Study Identifies Two Susceptibility Loci for Osteosarcoma

Osteosarcoma is the most common primary bone malignancy of adolescents and young adults. In order to better understand the genetic etiology of osteosarcoma, we performed a multi-stage genome-wide association study (GWAS) consisting of 941 cases and 3,291 cancer-free adult controls of European ancestry. Two loci achieved genome-wide significance: rs1906953 at 6p21.3, in the glutamate receptor metabotropic 4 [GRM4] gene (P = 8.1 ×10-9), and rs7591996 and rs10208273 in a gene desert on 2p25.2 (P = 1.0 ×10-8 and 2.9 ×10-7). These two susceptibility loci warrant further exploration to uncover the biological mechanisms underlying susceptibility to osteosarcoma

Analysis of Heritability and Shared Heritability Based on Genome-Wide Association Studies for Thirteen Cancer Types

Studies of related individuals have consistently demonstrated notable familial aggregation of cancer. We aim to estimate the heritability and genetic correlation attributable to the additive effects of common single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for cancer at 13 anatomical sites

Development of an amplicon-based sequencing approach in response to the global emergence of mpox

The 2022 multicountry mpox outbreak concurrent with the ongoing Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic further highlighted the need for genomic surveillance and rapid pathogen whole-genome sequencing. While metagenomic sequencing approaches have been used to sequence many of the early mpox infections, these methods are resource intensive and require samples with high viral DNA concentrations. Given the atypical clinical presentation of cases associated with the outbreak and uncertainty regarding viral load across both the course of infection and anatomical body sites, there was an urgent need for a more sensitive and broadly applicable sequencing approach. Highly multiplexed amplicon-based sequencing (PrimalSeq) was initially developed for sequencing of Zika virus, and later adapted as the main sequencing approach for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Here, we used PrimalScheme to develop a primer scheme for human monkeypox virus that can be used with many sequencing and bioinformatics pipelines implemented in public health laboratories during the COVID-19 pandemic. We sequenced clinical specimens that tested presumptively positive for human monkeypox virus with amplicon-based and metagenomic sequencing approaches. We found notably higher genome coverage across the virus genome, with minimal amplicon drop-outs, in using the amplicon-based sequencing approach, particularly in higher PCR cycle threshold (Ct) (lower DNA titer) samples. Further testing demonstrated that Ct value correlated with the number of sequencing reads and influenced the percent genome coverage. To maximize genome coverage when resources are limited, we recommend selecting samples with a PCR Ct below 31 Ct and generating 1 million sequencing reads per sample. To support national and international public health genomic surveillance efforts, we sent out primer pool aliquots to 10 laboratories across the United States, United Kingdom, Brazil, and Portugal. These public health laboratories successfully implemented the human monkeypox virus primer scheme in various amplicon sequencing workflows and with different sample types across a range of Ct values. Thus, we show that amplicon-based sequencing can provide a rapidly deployable, cost-effective, and flexible approach to pathogen whole-genome sequencing in response to newly emerging pathogens. Importantly, through the implementation of our primer scheme into existing SARS-CoV-2 workflows and across a range of sample types and sequencing platforms, we further demonstrate the potential of this approach for rapid outbreak response.This publication was made possible by CTSA Grant Number UL1 TR001863 from the National Center for Advancing Translational Science (NCATS), a component of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) awarded to CBFV. INSA was partially funded by the HERA project (Grant/ 2021/PHF/23776) supported by the European Commission through the European Centre for Disease Control (to VB).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Retrospective evaluation of whole exome and genome mutation calls in 746 cancer samples

Funder: NCI U24CA211006Abstract: The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) curated consensus somatic mutation calls using whole exome sequencing (WES) and whole genome sequencing (WGS), respectively. Here, as part of the ICGC/TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium, which aggregated whole genome sequencing data from 2,658 cancers across 38 tumour types, we compare WES and WGS side-by-side from 746 TCGA samples, finding that ~80% of mutations overlap in covered exonic regions. We estimate that low variant allele fraction (VAF < 15%) and clonal heterogeneity contribute up to 68% of private WGS mutations and 71% of private WES mutations. We observe that ~30% of private WGS mutations trace to mutations identified by a single variant caller in WES consensus efforts. WGS captures both ~50% more variation in exonic regions and un-observed mutations in loci with variable GC-content. Together, our analysis highlights technological divergences between two reproducible somatic variant detection efforts

Detection of SS18-SSX fusion transcripts in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue and comparison of molecular methods as diagnostic tools for Synovial Sarcoma

O Sarcoma Sinovial revela consistentemente t(X;18) resultando em SS18- SSX1, SS18-SSX2 e raramente SS18-SSX4. Dos 328 casos incluídos neste estudo, Sarcoma Sinovial foi considerado a primeira possibilidade diagnóstica ou um importante diagnóstico diferencial em 134 casos: destes, cDNA de qualidade foi obtido em 131. A fusão SS18-SSX foi identificada em 126 (96%) casos (74 SS18-SSX1, 52 SS18-SSX2) através de qRT-PCR e 120 (92%) por RT-PCR convencional. 101 casos no array de tecidos, analisados por FISH, revelaram que 87 (86%) mostraram rearranjo do SS18. Quatro casos positivos por RT-PCR mostraram perda de um sinal spectrum green e 15 casos revelaram cópias múltiplas de SS18: ambos os achados são potencialmente problemáticos na interpretação de resultados. Um dos 3 casos não analisados por RT-PCR por não ter gerado cDNA de qualidade, foi positivo por FISH. A fusão SS18-SSX1 foi demonstrada em 56 SS monofásicos e 18 SS bifásicos. SS18-SSX2 foi detectada em 41 monofásicos e 11 bifásicos. Áreas pouco diferenciadas foram identificadas em 44 casos (31%). Não houve correlação estatisticamente significante entre os subtipos bifásico, monofásico e o tipo de fusão. Cinco casos foram negativos através dos três métodos utilizados, três de localização pleural. Após correlação clínica, o diagnóstico de mesotelioma foi favorecido em um caso, tumor fibroso solitário em outro e o diagnóstico de sarcoma sem outras especificações no terceiro. A possibilidade do diagnóstico de TMBNP não pode ser excluída nos outros dois casos. Nós concluímos que os métodos moleculares são ferramentas auxiliares importantes para o diagnóstico de SS com 95% de sensibilidade e 100% de especificidade, mas os resultados devem ser interpretados à luz de características clínicas e dados imunohistoquímicos.Synovial Sarcoma consistently harbors t(X;18) resulting in SS18-SSX1, SS18-SSX2 and rarely SS18-SSX4 fusion transcripts. Of 328 cases included in our study, synovial sarcoma was either the primary diagnosis or was very high in the differential diagnosis in 134 cases: of these, amplifiable cDNA was obtained from 131. SS18-SSX fusion products were found in 126 (96%) cases, (74 SS18-SSX1, 52 SS18-SSX2), using quantitative and 120 by conventional RT-PCR. 101 cases in a tissue microarray, analyzed by FISH, revealed that 87 (86%) showed SS18 rearrangement: 4 reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction positive cases, reported as negative for FISH, showed loss of one spectrum green signal, and 15 cases had multiple copies of the SS18 gene: both findings are potentially problematic when interpreting results. One of 3 cases, not analyzed by RT PCR due to poor quality RNA, was positive by FISH. SS18-SSX1 was present in 56 monophasic and 18 biphasic synovial sarcoma: SS18-SSX2 was detected in 41 monophasic and 11 biphasic synovial sarcoma. Poorly differentiated areas were identified in 44 cases (31%). There was no statistically significant association between biphasic, monophasic and fusion type. Five cases were negative for SS18 rearrangement by all methods, 3 of which were pleural-sited neoplasms. Following clinical input, a diagnosis of mesothelioma was favored in one case, a sarcoma, not-otherwise specified in another and a solitary fibrous tumor in the third case. The possibility of a malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor could not be excluded in the other 2 cases. We concluded that the employment of a combination of molecular approaches is a powerful aid to diagnosing synovial sarcoma giving at least 96% sensitivity and 100% specificity but results must be interpreted in the light of other modalities such as clinical findings and immunohistochemical data

Paratireóides: estrutura, funções e patologia Parathyroid glands: structure, functions and pathology

Os autores tecem considerações sobre a estrutura e funções normais das glândulas paratireóides como introdução à patologia e as repercussões clinico - patológicas tanto do excesso como da redução do paratormônio. Maior ênfase é dedicada ao hiperparatireoidismo primário quanto às causas, a fisiopatologia das alterações, os aspectos anatomopatológicos macro e microscópicos das lesões e sua patogenia, na "Osteite fibrocistica" ou "doença de von Recklinghausen dos ossos" com a correlação aos aspectos radiográficos. Apresentam caso de paciente, cuja história clinica demonstra as dificuldades encontradas para o diagnóstico da doença. Referem-se ainda às alterações e patogenia das formas de hiperparatireoidismo secundário e terciário e ao hipoparatireoidismo.The authors present a summary on the normal anatomy and function of the parathyroid glands as well as a brief review of clinical and pathological repercussions of higher and lower parathyroid hormone production. The emphasis is given on the causes, physiopathology, anatomy, macroscopy and microscopy of the lesions and their role in the genesis of fibrocystic osteitis, also known as Von Recklinhausen disease of the bones. Radiological correlation is also given. The authors show the challenges for the diagnosis in the same cases. We also write about secondary and tertiary hyperparathyroidism, as well as hypoparathyroidism

Clear cell sarcoma of the mediastinum

A 59-year-old woman presented with a large mediastinal mass. At thoracotomy, the mass was found tightly adherent to the esophageal wall and right lower lobe of the lung. Histological examination showed a solid tumor composed of closely packed nests of cells with clear and eosinophilic cytoplasm, which were strongly and diffusely positive for S 100 protein but negative for HMB45 and Melan-A. The diagnosis of clear cell sarcoma was supported by demonstrating the presence of an EWS gene rearrangement by fluorescence in situ hybridization. There was no evidence that this lesion represented metastatic disease. To the best of our knowledge, primary mediastinal clear cell sarcoma has not been previously reported in the literature. We present the case and discuss the differential diagnosis. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved