Sleep Mode Analysis via Workload Decomposition

The goal of this paper is to establish a general approach for analyzing queueing models with repeated inhomogeneous vacations. The server goes on for a vacation if the inactivity prolongs more than the vacation trigger duration. Once the system enters in vacation mode, it may continue for several consecutive vacations. At the end of a vacation, the server goes on another vacation, possibly with a different probability distribution; if during the previous vacation there have been no arrivals. However the system enters in vacation mode only if the inactivity is persisted beyond defined trigger duration. In order to get an insight on the influence of parameters on the performance, we choose to study a simple M/G/1 queue (Poisson arrivals and general independent service times) which has the advantage of being tractable analytically. The theoretical model is applied to the problem of power saving for mobile devices in which the sleep durations of a device correspond to the vacations of the server. Various system performance metrics such as the frame response time and the economy of energy are derived. A constrained optimization problem is formulated to maximize the economy of energy achieved in power save mode, with constraints as QoS conditions to be met. An illustration of the proposed methods is shown with a WiMAX system scenario to obtain design parameters for better performance. Our analysis allows us not only to optimize the system parameters for a given traffic intensity but also to propose parameters that provide the best performance under worst case conditions

Unilateral Altruism in Network Routing Games with Atomic Players

We study a routing game in which one of the players unilaterally acts altruistically by taking into consideration the latency cost of other players as well as his own. By not playing selfishly, a player can not only improve the other players' equilibrium utility but also improve his own equilibrium utility. To quantify the effect, we define a metric called the Value of Unilateral Altruism (VoU) to be the ratio of the equilibrium utility of the altruistic user to the equilibrium utility he would have received in Nash equilibrium if he were selfish. We show by example that the VoU, in a game with nonlinear latency functions and atomic players, can be arbitrarily large. Since the Nash equilibrium social welfare of this example is arbitrarily far from social optimum, this example also has a Price of Anarchy (PoA) that is unbounded. The example is driven by there being a small number of players since the same example with non-atomic players yields a Nash equilibrium that is fully efficient

Unsupervised Controllable Text Formalization

We propose a novel framework for controllable natural language transformation. Realizing that the requirement of parallel corpus is practically unsustainable for controllable generation tasks, an unsupervised training scheme is introduced. The crux of the framework is a deep neural encoder-decoder that is reinforced with text-transformation knowledge through auxiliary modules (called scorers). The scorers, based on off-the-shelf language processing tools, decide the learning scheme of the encoder-decoder based on its actions. We apply this framework for the text-transformation task of formalizing an input text by improving its readability grade; the degree of required formalization can be controlled by the user at run-time. Experiments on public datasets demonstrate the efficacy of our model towards: (a) transforming a given text to a more formal style, and (b) introducing appropriate amount of formalness in the output text pertaining to the input control. Our code and datasets are released for academic use.Comment: AAA

Effect of salinization of soil on emergence, growth and survival of seedlings of Acacia nilotica

RAMOLIYA, P. J. & PANDEY, A.N. 2002. Efecto de la salinización en el brote, crecimiento y supervivencia de Acacia nilotica. Bot. Complutensis 26: 105-119. Se estudiaron los efectos de la salinización del suelo sobre la emergencia, el crecimiento y los atributos fisiológicos de plántulas de Acacia nilotica (L.) Del. (Mimosaceae). Se añadió al suelo una mezcla de cloruros y sulfatos de Na, K, Ca y Mg, y se mantuvo la salinidad a 4.1, 6.2, 8.1, 9.9, 12.2 y 14.3 dSm–1. La relación obtenida entre el porcentaje de germinación de semillas y la concentración de sal fue negativa. Las plántulas no emergieron cuando la salinidad excedió 12.2 dSm–1. Los resultados sugieren que esta especie arbórea tolera la sal en la germinación. Las plántulas sobrevivieron y crecieron hasta con una salinidad de 12.2 dSm–1 y eventualmente esta especie también tolera la sal en el estado de plántula. La elongación del tallo y de la raíz fue retrasada al incrementarse el estrés salino. Sin embargo, esta especie tiene una tendencia al crecimiento rápido de la raíz, y las raíces son capaces de extraer agua de suelos salinos muy secos (6,8% humedad). Las raíces y tallos jóvenes fueron los más tolerantes al estrés salino entre los tejidos, y después las raíces viejas y las hojas a continuación. La máxima reducción en producción de masa seca en respuesta al aumento de estrés salino la exhibió el tejido de la hoja. Sin embargo, se encontró que la producción de raíces jóvenes y la muerte de raíces viejas fue un proceso continuo, y, aparentemente, las plantas usan este proceso como un mecanismo de evasión, para deshacerse del exceso de iones y retrasar los daños de la acumulación de iones en este tejido. Este fenómeno, denominado «renovación de raíces finas» resulta de importancia entre los mecanismos de tolerancia de sal. La capacidad de esta planta para prosperar en regiones secas es debida también a las características xeromórficas de sus hojas.RAMOLIYA, P. J. & PANDEY, A.N. 2002. Effect of salinization on emergence, growth and survival of seedlings of Acacia nilotica. Bot. Complutensis 26: 105-119. Effects of salinization of soil on emergence, growth and physiological attributes of seedlings of Acacia nilotica (Linn.) Del. (Mimosaceae) were studied. A mixture of chlorides and sulphates of Na, K, Ca and Mg was added to the soil and salinity was maintained at 4.1, 6.2, 8.1, 9.9, 12.2 and 14.3 dS m–1. A negative relationship between percent seed germination and salt concentration was obtained. Seedlings did not emerge when soil salinity exceeded 12.2 dS m–1. Results suggested that this tree species is salt tolerant at seed germination stage. Seedlings survived and grew up to soil salinity 12.2 dS m–1 and eventually this species is salt tolerant at seedling stage too. Elongation of stem and root was retarded by increasing salt stress. However, this species has a tendency for rapid root extension and roots are able to extract water from very dry saline soil (6.8 % moisture). Among the tissues, young roots and stem were most tolerant to salt stress and were followed by old roots and leaf successively. Leaf tissue exhibited maximum reduction in dry mass production in response to increasing salt stress. However, production of young roots and death of old roots were found to be continuous and plants apparently use this process as an avoidance mechanism to remove excess ions and delay onset of ion accumulation in this tissue. This phenomenon, designated «fine root turnover» assumes an importance to the mechanisms of salt tolerance. The ability of this plant to thrive in dry regions is further conferred by the xeromorphic features of its leaves

Combined Optimal Control of Activation and Transmission in Delay-Tolerant Networks

International audiencePerformance of a delay tolerant network has strong dependence on the nodes participating in data transportation. Such networks often face several resource constraints especially related to energy. Energy is consumed not only in data transmission but also in listening and in several signaling activities. On one hand these activities enhance the system's performance while on the other hand, they consume significant amount of energy even when they do not involve actual node transmission. Accordingly, in order to use energy efficiently, one may have to limit not only the amount of transmissions but also the amount of nodes that are active at each time. Therefore we study two coupled problems: i) the activation problem which determines when a mobile will turn on in order to receive packets, and ii) the problem of regulating the beaconing. We derive optimal energy management strategies by formulating the problem as an optimal control one, which we then explicitly solve. We also validate our findings through extensive simulations which are based on contact traces

Supplementing government initiatives for universal access to sanitation through a district-wide approach

This paper describes the model of Districti Wide Approach that WaterAid is following in Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh as a model for universal coverage of sanitation. The Government of India has a political commitment to meet the universal access to sanitation target by 2019. However, the past experience of nearly three decades very clearly show that there are several hurdles and gaps that needs to be overcome to ensure that this happens. We believe that universal access can happen and it can happen if efforts are put in to strengthen the existing government mechanisms and through networking with multi-stakeholders on the agenda of sanitation. In Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh, we have attempted district wide approach using six broad components – IEC/BCC, Capacity building, Rights based approach, Influencing policies, strengthening governance systems and demonstration especially to address vulnerabilities

Awareness & Utilization Review of NPHCE among Elderly in India.

Introduction: Over the last few years, the population of the world has found remarkable growth including high birth rates and low death rates. Due to the time of transition, it has recorded the growth in the number and proportion of older people. To make focus on the history of civilization; it has not recorded such as rapid and large with ubiquitous growth. In the coming centuries, it is recorded a revolution in the current demographic that continues to grow in nature. The aim of the study is to know about the awareness & utilization of rehabilitation services under the NPHCE program in India. In addition to this, other objectives are as follows: To know the current status of NPHCE awareness &its utilization among the geriatric population across India. To know the status of Rehabilitation services under NPHCE. To know the difficulties associated with the implementation of NPHCE To make a comparison with the young population, it was found that in India, it is still known as the home of the second-largest number of older people in the world. It was also found that the number of 60+ age people will increase to 100 million in 2013 and 198 million in the year 2030. As a result, to provide effective support, care, and help for older people, the government of India has passed the National Programme for Health Care for the Elderly to address all the issues related to geriatric health in India. Conclusion In This review we try to understand how does the NPHCE growing in our country are we doing good enough for health care seek population are the loop holes getting field. The efforts taken by over government improving the status of our geriatric population really reaching to grass root level. The role of NPHCE passed by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare by introducing comprehensive healthcare setup for elderly people, it needs more attention