Detecção de agentes zoonóticos e fatores de risco associados a diarreia em cães de um município do semiárido brasileiro

Os animais domésticos são colonizados por uma extensa diversidade de bactérias comensais e patogênicas. Particularmente, os de estimação têm sido apontados como reservatórios de algumas bactérias específicas, como Salmonella spp. e Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile. Esses animais também podem estar infectados por helmintos potencialmente zoonóticos. No entanto, pouco se sabe sobre os fatores de risco e frequência desses patógenos em cães no Brasil. O objetivo neste estudo foi avaliar a presença de Salmonella spp., C. difficile e helmintos com potencial zoonótico em cães no município de Barra (Bahia, Brasil), bem como fatores de risco associados à ocorrência de diarreia. Para isso, foram obtidas as fezes de 40 cães. Cada tutor respondeu a um questionário epidemiológico para identificar episódios anteriores de diarreia nos animais e fatores de risco associados à presença dos patógenos avaliados. Ancylostoma spp. foi detectado em cinco cães (12,5%), enquanto Salmonella spp. foi isolado em 12,5% dos animais. C. difficile não foi isolado neste estudo. A presença de Ancylostoma spp. foi associada a fezes secas e ausência de vermifugação por mais de 12 meses. Cães positivos para Salmonella spp. foram cinco vezes mais propensos a ter diarreia do que aqueles negativos para este patógeno. Animais alimentados com dieta à base de carne crua e em contato com outros animais apresentaram maior probabilidade de apresentar episódio de diarreia nos últimos 12 meses. Pela primeira vez, Salmonella enterica sorovar Oranienburg foi isolado em um cão. Este trabalho sugere que se deve dar atenção à alimentação dos cães e à desparasitação regular para mitigar os riscos impostos por estes dois patógenos zoonóticos

Patologias atuais: a compulsão e a sociedade dos excessos: Current pathologies: compulsion and the society of excesses

O artigo em tela tem por objetivo analisar os aspectos biopsicossociais da conduta compulsiva de consumo. Propõe-se a apresentar os elementos psicológicos contidos nesse comportamento, além de verificar quais são os resultados decorrentes dessa compulsão. O consumo compulsivo, também chamado de oniomania, é um transtorno causado pela ansiedade despertada pela necessidade de comprar e saciada, somente, quando é materializada a aquisição daquilo que se deseja comprar. O estudo em questão pode ser classificado como sendo de cunho bibliográfico, a partir da análise de documentos publicados em forma de artigos científicos e livros em formato digital

Clostridium perfringens e Clostridium difficile em relação a outros enteropatógenos em cães diarreicos

Exportado OPUSMade available in DSpace on 2019-08-14T02:57:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 amanda_nadia_diniz.pdf: 1255844 bytes, checksum: 221efd842c04d694161ffa4a5d5fe496 (MD5) Previous issue date: 26O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a ocorrência da infecção por Clostridium perfringens e Clostridium difficile frente a outros enteropatógenos de relevância em cães, como parvovírus, coronavírus, rotavírus, Giardia spp., Salmonella spp. e Escherichia coli. Foram coletadas 154 amostras fecais, sendo 92 de cães diarreicos, oriundos de hospitais veterinários e 62 amostras de cães aparentemente saudáveis (controle). Dividiu-se os cães em quatro faixas etárias: 0 a 6 meses (imunidade passiva), 7 a 12 meses (estabelecimento da imunidade ativa), 13 a 60 meses (adultos) e maiores do que 61 meses (idosos). Após isolamento de C. perfringens em meio seletivo, realizou-se PCR para os seguintes genes: cpa, cpb, etx, iap, cpb2, cpe, netB, netE, netF e netG. As estirpes isoladas de C. difficile foram submetidas a ribotipagem e detecção dos seguintes genes tcdA, tcdB, tpi e cdtB. Realizou-se ainda ELISA para detecção das toxinas A/B em amostras de fezes de onde foram isoladas estirpes toxigênicas de C. difficile e, além disso, ELISA para a detecção da enterotoxina (CPE) nas amostras de fezes de cães que foram positivos para estirpes de C. perfringens cpe +. Para o diagnóstico diferencial de outros enteropatógenos, realizou-se a pesquisa de Salmonella spp. por isolamento; detecção dos patotipos de E. coli por isolamento seguido de PCR, e testes rápidos para detecção de Parvovirus canino tipo 2 (CPV), coronavirus canino (CCV), rotavirus canino (CRV) e Giardia spp. Não foi identificado nenhum enteropatógeno em 52,1% dos animais diarreicos e em 50% dos cães saudáveis. Houve uma associação positiva entre a presença do gene cpe de C. perfringens e a ocorrência de diarreia (p=0,006), sendo a toxina CPE encontrada em metade dessas amostras fecais. O gene codificador da recém descrita toxina NetE foi encontrado em 70% das estirpes de C. perfringens positivas para cpe, todas oriundas de animais com idade superior a 12 meses. A frequência de estirpes toxigênicas de C. difficile aumentou em cães com idade superior a 60 meses e o ribotipo 014/020 foi o mais frequente no presente estudo. Entre as coinfecções detectadas destacam-se dois casos em que os cães eram positivos para C. perfringens tipo A cpe+ e netE+netF+ e C. difficile, algo inédito na literatura. Este estudo sugere que C. difficile e C. perfringens são importantes nas diarreias em cães e podem ocorrer em coinfecções com outros enteropatógenos, inclusive entre agentes do gênero Clostridium.The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of Clostridium perfringens and Clostridium difficile infection compared to other enteropathogens in dogs, such as parvovirus, coronavirus, rotavirus, Giardia spp., Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli. A total of 154 fecal samples were collected, 92 from diarrheic dogs, from veterinary hospitals, and 62 from apparently healthy dogs (control group). The dogs were divided into four age groups: 0-6 months (passive immunity), 7-12 months (establishment of active immunity), 13-60 months (adults) and older than 61 months (seniors). After isolation of C. perfringens in selective media, the presences of the following genes were evaluated by PCR: cpa, cpb, etx, iap, cpb2, cpe, netB, netE, netF e netG. The isolated strains of C. difficile were ribotyped and the presences of the following genes were evaluated by PCR: tcdA, tcdB, tpi e cdtB. Two ELISAs were used to detect A/B toxins and enterotoxin in stool samples that were positive for isolation of C. difficile and C. perfringens strains positive for the gene cpe, respectively. The differential diagnosis of other enteropathogens included Salmonella spp. by isolation; isolation of E. coli followed by PCR; and immunochromatography tests to detect canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV), canine coronavirus (CCV), canine rotavirus (CRV) and Giardia spp. Approximately in 52,1% of diarrheic animals and 50% of healthy dogs were negative for all enteropathogens tested. There was a positive association between the presence of CPE gene (cpe) from C. perfringens and the occurrence of diarrhea (p=0.006), the CPE toxin was also detected in half of these fecal samples. The gene encoding the recently described NetE toxin (netE) was found in 70% of C. perfringens strains positive for CPE, all from adult dogs (aging more than 12 months). The frequency of isolation of C. difficile toxigenic strains increased in dogs over the age of 60 months, and the ribotype 014/020 was the most frequent in this study. Among the co-infections detected, stand out the first description of C. perfringens type A cpe+ and netE+ netF + and C. difficile coinfection in two dogs. This study suggests that C. difficile and C. perfringens are important enteropathogens in dogs and can occur in co-infections with other microorganisms, including Clostridium species

Susceptibilidade antimicrobiana de Clostridium perfringens isolados de animais domésticos e espécies silvestres no Brasil

Clostridium perfringens is a microorganism commonly found in the microbiota of humans and animals and a potential cause of enteric, muscle or nervous diseases. The treatment of these diseases is based on antimicrobial therapy and it is extremely important to know the antimicrobial susceptibility profile of the strains present in the region. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility of C. perfringens isolated from domestic and wild animals in Brazil against seven different antimicrobials. Forty-one strains from the stool samples of cattle (n = 12), buffalo (n = 2), goat (n = 3), dogs (n = 12) and wild carnivores (n = 12) were examined. The minimum inhibitory concentration was determined by the agar dilution method using Brucella agar supplemented with 5% of sheep blood, 0.1% of vitamin K, 0.1% of hemin and concentrations ranging from 0,25 to 256,0 mg L-1 of the following antibiotics: erythromycin, florfenicol, metronidazole, oxytetracycline, penicillin, tylosin, and vancomycin. All C. perfringens strains were susceptible to florfenicol, metronidazole, penicillin and vancomycin. Two strains (4.9%) were resistant to erythromycin and tylosin, while five (12.2%) were resistant to oxytetracycline, one of which (2.4%) from an ocelot.Clostridium perfringens é um microrganismo comumente encontrado na microbiota de seres humanos e animais e potencial causador de enfermidades entéricas, musculares ou neurológicas. O tratamento das enfermidades é baseado em terapia antimicrobiana, sendo de extrema importância conhecer o perfil de susceptibilidade antimicrobiana das estirpes presentes na região em questão. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a susceptibilidade de estirpes de C. perfringens isolados de animais domésticos e carnívoros silvestres no Brasil frente a sete diferentes antimicrobianos. Foram utilizados 41 isolados originários de bezerros (n = 12), búfalos (n = 2), caprinos (n = 3), cães (n = 12) e espécies de carnívoros silvestres (n = 12). A concentração inibitória minima foi determinada pelo método de diluição seriada em agar, utilizando-se o agar Brucella suplementado com 5% de sangue ovino, 0,1% de vitamina K, 0,1% de hemina e concentrações variando de 0,25 a 256,0 mg L-1 dos seguintes antimicrobianos: eritromicina, florfenicol, metronidazol, oxitetraciclina, penicilina, tilosina e vancomicina. Todas as estirpes de C. perfringens testadas foram sensíveis ao florfenicol, metronidazol, penicilina e vancomicina. Dois isolados (4,9 %) foram resistentes a eritromicina e a tilosina, enquanto que cinco (12,2 %) estirpes foram resistentes a oxitetraciclina, sendo uma delas (2,4 %) proveniente de uma jaguatirica

Detection of virulence genes and the phylogenetic groups of Escherichia coli isolated from dogs in Brazil

<div><p>ABSTRACT: This study identified the virulence genes, pathovars, and phylogenetic groups of Escherichia coli strains obtained from the feces of dogs with and without diarrhea. Virulence genes and phylogenetic group identification were studied using polymerase chain reaction. Thirty-seven E. coli isolates were positive for at least one virulence factor gene. Twenty-one (57.8%) of the positive isolates were isolated from diarrheal feces and sixteen (43.2%) were from the feces of non-diarrheic dogs. Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) were the most frequently (62.2%) detected pathovar in dog feces and were mainly from phylogroup B1 and E. Necrotoxigenic E. coli were detected in 16.2% of the virulence-positive isolates and these contained the cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1 (cnf1) gene and were classified into phylogroups B2 and D. All E. coli strains were negative for the presence of enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) enterotoxin genes, but four strains were positive for ETEC-related fimbriae 987P and F18. Two isolates were Shiga toxin-producing E. coli strains and contained the toxin genesStx2 or Stx2e, both from phylogroup B1. Our data showed that EPEC was the most frequent pathovar and B1 and E were the most common phylogroups detected in E. coli isolated from the feces of diarrheic and non-diarrheic dogs.</p></div

Fecal shedding of Salmonella spp., Clostridium perfringens, and Clostridioides difficile in dogs fed raw meat-based diets in Brazil and their owners' motivation.

The present study aimed to explore the motivations of Brazilian dog owners and their knowledge about the risks related to raw meat-based diets (RMBD) as well as to evaluate important enteropathogens such as Salmonella spp., C. perfringens, and C. difficile, in feces of dogs fed different diets. The majority of the pet owners (69.3%) reported to have chosen this diet for their dogs, considering it to be more "natural". A large number of owners declared that RMBD do not pose health risks for their animals (87.9%) or humans (98.8%), even though almost one third of the respondents (34.8%) declared having at least one individual at high risk of infection in contact with RMBD-fed dogs. Stool samples from 46 RMBD-fed dogs and 192 dogs fed commercial dry feed were collected. The present study revealed that dogs fed raw meat diets were almost 30 times more likely to be positive for Salmonella spp. than dogs on a conventional diet. Some of the serovars detected were commonly associated with human salmonellosis, such as S. Typhimurium and S. Saintpaul, and were multidrug resistant. RMBD-fed dogs were more likely to be positive for C. perfringens type A (p = 0.008) and one C. perfringens type F was isolated from these animals. Two toxigenic strains (4.3%) of C. difficile were isolated only from raw meat-fed dogs, all of which were under antibiotic therapy. These toxigenic C. difficile isolates were classified as RT106/ST54 and RT600/ST149, previously associated with infection in dogs and humans. The present work revealed that the owners have a tendency to ignore or are unaware of the risks associated with raw meat diets for dogs. Also, the higher fecal shedding of important enteropathogens in dogs fed RMBD suggests that this diet poses a risk for the animals and the people in contact with them

Characterization of the virulence of three novel clade 2 Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile strains and a two-year screening in animals and humans in Brazil.

Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile infection (CDI) is an evolving global healthcare problem, and owing to the diverse and dynamic molecular epidemiology of C. difficile, new strains continue to emerge. In Brazil, only two cases of CDI due to the so called hypervirulent PCR ribotype (RT) 027 belonging to clade 2 have ever been reported, whereas incidence of CDI due to another “hypervirulent” RT078 (clade 5) has not yet been reported. In contrast, novel clade 2 strains have been identified in different hospitals. To better understand the epidemiology of CDIs in Brazil, this study aimed to genotypically and phenotypically characterize three novel Brazilian clade 2 strains (RT883, 884, and 885) isolated from patients with confirmed CDI. In addition, to better understand the circulating RTs, a two-year sampling was conducted in patients from the same hospital and in several domestic and wild animal species. The three strains examined showed lower production of A/B toxins than the control RT027, although two of these strains harbored a truncated tcdC gene. All strains showed swimming motility similar to that of RT027, while RT883 showed higher spore production than the reference strain. In the in vivo hamster model, the lethality of all strains was found to be similar to that of RT027. Both cgMLST and cgMLSA analyses revealed a high genetic similarity among the three-novel clade 2 isolates. In the two-year survey in animals and humans, RT883, 884, and 885 were not detected; however, three new RTs (RT988, RT989, and RT990) were isolated, two of which were genetically related to the three previously reported clade 2 strains. RT106 and RT126 were most frequently detected in humans (47.9%) and animals (57.9%), respectively. Furthermore, RT027 and RT078 were not detected in humans. The results of this study suggest that these novel clade 2 strains have virulence potential and that new strains from clade 2 continue to emerge in our setting, indicating the need for long-term local surveillance