Atividade antioxidante dos extratos etanólicos e dos óleos essenciais de Xylopia aromática e Piper nigrum / Antioxidant activity of ethanolic extracts and essential oils from Xylopia aromatica and Piper nigrum

Xylopia aromatica é conhecida como pimenta-de-macaco, pertence à família Annonaceae, e já no século XIX, o naturalista Saint-Hilaire a considerava com potencial de uso alimentício, pois seu sabor era similar à pimenta-do-reino. A pimenta-do-reino é um condimento, que também é utilizado para conservação de carnes e extração de óleo essencial. Assim, objetivou-se com essa pesquisa comparar o teor, atividade antioxidante e composição química dos óleos essenciais de frutos de pimenta-de-macaco e pimenta-do-reino (branca e preta). A pimenta-de-macaco (PM) foi coletada em áreas do Cerrado, e as pimentas do reino branca (PB) e preta (PP) adquiridas no comércio local. Os frutos foram triturados e a extração do óleo essencial realizada pelo método de hidrodestilação utilizando aparelho de Clevenger. O teor de óleo foi determinado com base na massa de óleo extraída (g) por 100 g de frutos. A atividade antioxidante foi avaliada por meio do sequestro do radical livre 2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidrazila (DPPH), e os resultados expressos em porcentagem de capacidade de redução de DPPH. O delineamento estatístico utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, sendo três tratamentos (PM, e PB e PP), com seis repetições. As análises cromatográficas foram realizadas em cromatógrafo a gás, Agilent Technologies (GC 7890A), acoplado ao detector espectrômetro de massas (MS 5975C) dotado de coluna capilar HP-5 MS. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas no programa estatístico R. A PM apresentou rendimento de óleo essencial de 0,35 %, enquanto que as PP e PB apresentaram rendimento de 0,98 %, e 1,08 %, respectivamente. A capacidade de redução de DPPH foi de 21,13% para PM, e 12,68% e 5,48% para as PP e PB, respectivamente. Na análise química dos óleos essenciais, considerando compostos que representavam mais de 1% de abundância no óleo da PM, foram detectados 82 compostos, enquanto que nas PP e PB foram detectados 57 e 47 respectivamente. O composto mais abundante na PM (29,5%) e PB (39,7%) foi o Limoneno, já na PP (11,2%) este foi segundo composto com maior abundância, sendo o Cariofileno (46,2%) o principal para a PP. Diante dos resultados a pimenta-de-macaco apresenta rendimento de óleo menor que as pimentas do reino branca e preta, no entanto, sua capacidade de redução de DPPH é maior que as demais pimentas avaliadas, tendo também maior número de compostos detectados

ATLANTIC EPIPHYTES: a data set of vascular and non-vascular epiphyte plants and lichens from the Atlantic Forest

Epiphytes are hyper-diverse and one of the frequently undervalued life forms in plant surveys and biodiversity inventories. Epiphytes of the Atlantic Forest, one of the most endangered ecosystems in the world, have high endemism and radiated recently in the Pliocene. We aimed to (1) compile an extensive Atlantic Forest data set on vascular, non-vascular plants (including hemiepiphytes), and lichen epiphyte species occurrence and abundance; (2) describe the epiphyte distribution in the Atlantic Forest, in order to indicate future sampling efforts. Our work presents the first epiphyte data set with information on abundance and occurrence of epiphyte phorophyte species. All data compiled here come from three main sources provided by the authors: published sources (comprising peer-reviewed articles, books, and theses), unpublished data, and herbarium data. We compiled a data set composed of 2,095 species, from 89,270 holo/hemiepiphyte records, in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay, recorded from 1824 to early 2018. Most of the records were from qualitative data (occurrence only, 88%), well distributed throughout the Atlantic Forest. For quantitative records, the most common sampling method was individual trees (71%), followed by plot sampling (19%), and transect sampling (10%). Angiosperms (81%) were the most frequently registered group, and Bromeliaceae and Orchidaceae were the families with the greatest number of records (27,272 and 21,945, respectively). Ferns and Lycophytes presented fewer records than Angiosperms, and Polypodiaceae were the most recorded family, and more concentrated in the Southern and Southeastern regions. Data on non-vascular plants and lichens were scarce, with a few disjunct records concentrated in the Northeastern region of the Atlantic Forest. For all non-vascular plant records, Lejeuneaceae, a family of liverworts, was the most recorded family. We hope that our effort to organize scattered epiphyte data help advance the knowledge of epiphyte ecology, as well as our understanding of macroecological and biogeographical patterns in the Atlantic Forest. No copyright restrictions are associated with the data set. Please cite this Ecology Data Paper if the data are used in publication and teaching events. © 2019 The Authors. Ecology © 2019 The Ecological Society of Americ

Phloeidae stink bugs chemical ecology and Bacillus safensis oxidoreductases from petroleum

Orientador: Anita Jocelyne MarsaioliTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de QuímicaResumo: Capítulo I. Este trabalho revelou aspectos inéditos da ecologia química de Phloeophana longirostris e Phloea subquadrata, duas espécies de percevejo da família Phloeidae. Esta família, representada por apenas três gêneros e quatro espécies, é caracterizada por apresentar cuidado maternal com ovos e ninfas e camuflagem sobre o tronco das árvores hospedeiras. O objetivo deste trabalho foi localizar, identificar e caracterizar os principais compostos voláteis emitidos por percevejos e verificar a relação destes com as árvores hospedeiras. Os resultados revelaram que os insetos, após estímulo físico, liberam aldeídos e hidrocarbonetos insaturados, oxoaldeídos e ésteres como compostos majoritários. Além disso, foi possível discriminar compostos característicos de cada grupo estudado. Capítulo II. Na segunda parte deste trabalho, foi explorada a atividade enzimática do micro-organismo Bacillus safensis isolado do petróleo brasileiro. Esse micro-organismo apresenta um arsenal enzimático capaz de degradar compostos orgânicos aromáticos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi purificar, isolar e identificar oxirredutases presentes na cepa (CFA06) de Bacillus safensis. Através dessa bactéria Gram-positiva, altamente resistente à radiação ultravioleta, foi possível identificar duas oxirredutases, sendo uma delas inédita. A oxirredutase inédita, aqui denominada de BsP315, apresenta 21 kDa e ferro e molibdênio ligados a essa proteína. Além dessa oxirredutase, uma catalase, aqui denominada de BsCat, também foi identificadaAbstract: Chapter I. This study revealed novel aspects of the chemical ecology of Phloeophana longirostris and Phloea subquadrata from Phloeidae family. This family, has only three genders and four species with characteristic maternal care of eggs and nymphs and camouflage on the trunk of the host tree. The aim of this study was to the identification of major volatile compounds produced by the stink bugs and their relationship with the host trees. The results revealed that after physical stimulation, the insects release aldehydes and unsaturated hydrocarbons, esters and oxoaldehyde as major compounds. These volatile compounds were important in the discrimination of male, female and nymphs of each species. Chapter II. In the second part of this research, we investigated the enzymatic activity of the micro-organism Bacillus safensis isolated from Brazilian oil. This micro-organism has an enzymatic arsenal capable of degrading aromatic organic compounds. The aim of this study was to purify, isolate and identify oxidoreductases present in strain (CFA06) Bacillus safensis. Through this Gram-positive bacterium, highly resistant to ultraviolet radiation, it was possible to identify two oxidoreductases. The novel oxidoreductase, here named BsP315 has 21 kDa and iron and molybdenum bound to its catalytic site, additionally we have isolated a catalase here named BsCatDoutoradoQuimica OrganicaDoutora em Ciência

Chemical diversity of accessions of the in vivo germplasm bank of Varronia curassavica (Jacq.)

Varronia curassavica (Jacq.) is a shrub and perennial plant native to Brazil that has therapeutic, anti-inflammatory and cicatrizing properties. The objective of this work was to study the chemical diversity of the native populations of this species maintained in the in vivo germplasm bank from Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The essential oils of 10 accessions analyzed in triplicate were obtained by hydrodistillation. Fifty-five compounds were detected, 46 of which were identified by GC-MS analysis. Essential oil yield ranged from 0.1 (VC-9) to 1.22% (VC-3) among the studied accessions. Three groups were formed by cluster analysis. Group A presented lower relative abundance of the compounds alpha-humulene (1.4%) and 13-caryophyllene (8.5%). Conversely, in Group B, the most abundant compound was alpha-humulene (31.6%). Group C, with the greatest number of accessions, presented values of up to 6.1 and 41.2% for alpha-humulene and beta-caryophyllene, respectively. Only two accessions (VC-1 and VC-5) presented alpha-humulene content lower than that recommended for phytotherapeutic production. These results, along with consolidating breeding programs, contribute to the conservation of the species42FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE MINAS GERAIS - FAPEMIGsem informaçãoThe authors thank the Laboratory of Instrumental Chemistry and the Laboratory of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of the ICA-UFMG; the Programa de Educação Tutorial(PET-Agronomiaof the ICA-UFMG); and the Minas Gerais State Foundation for Research Support (Fapemig) for providing scholarships and resources to develop this stud

Influence of water regime on initial growth and essential oil of Eucalyptus globulus

ABSTRACT: Understanding the water requirement of forest species in the seedling stage supports cost reduction by eliminating unnecessary irrigation in addition to providing higher productivity. This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of the water regime on initial growth, leaf production and content and chemical composition of the essential oil of Eucalyptus globulus , during the first 120 days of cultivation. The experiment employed a completely randomized design and was carried out at the Instituto de Ciências Agrárias da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (ICA/UFMG), Montes Claros, MG. Treatments consisted of six different water regimes (50%, 75%, 100%, 125%, 150% and 175% of the reference evapotranspiration - ETo) with four replicates. Plant growth was evaluated by measuring linear dimensions - height, stem diameter and number of leaves. The essential oil was extracted from fresh leaves by hydrodistillation in a Clevenger apparatus. The present study demonstrated that irrigation depths corresponding to 75% of the ETo are responsible for increased growth of E. globulus and increased dry matter production of leaves. The lowest irrigation levels were responsible for the greatest essential oil content. The essential oil was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (CG- MS), and eucalyptol (40.84% to 55.72%) was reported to be the major compound for all treatments. Compounds such as β-myrcene, α-Gurgujeno, Alloromadendreno, Varidiflorene appear under specific irrigation conditions

Atividade antisséptica do óleo essencial de Lippia origanoides Cham. (Alecrim-pimenta) na presença de leite bovino

Resumo: Objetivou-se determinar atividade antisséptica do óleo essencial de Lippia origanoides na presença de leite bovino. A composição química do óleo essencial de alecrim pimenta foi determinada por cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas (CG-EM), sendo detectados 53 compostos, dos quais 16 foram identificados (>0,1% área total). O carvacrol (32,7%), p-cimeno (23%), timilmetil éter, cariofileno (7,98%) e o γ-terpineno (5,40%) foram os componentes mais abundantes. A concentração inibitória mínima para Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 e E. coli ATCC 8739 foi de 60μL/mL, enquanto para Salmonella Choleraesuis ATCC 35640 foi de 90μL/mL. A concentração bactericida mínima foi de 120μL/mL para as três bactérias. Avaliou-se a atividade antisséptica do óleo essencial na concentração de 120μL/mL na presença de leite bovino sobre as mesmas cepas bacterianas. O óleo em estudo apresentou efeito inibitório do crescimento das cepas em diferentes tempos de ação (p<0,05). S. aureus apresentou maiores índices de inibição após 5 min de contato e Escherichia coli e Salmonella Choleraesuis após 15 min. O óleo essencial de alecrim-pimenta revelou ser um potencial antimicrobiano natural, mesmo na presença de matéria orgânica constituída de uma matriz nutricional complexa que é o leite bovino

Antioxidant activity of essential oils from condiment plants and their effect on lactic cultures and pathogenic bacteria

ABSTRACT: Studies about preservative and antioxidant activity of essential oils have been encouraged in recent years, given their importance to food industry. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the antioxidant properties and antimicrobial activity of essential oils deriving from Syzygium aromaticum, Cymbopogon citratus and Lippia alba against lactic and pathogenic bacteria responsible for food-borne diseases. Essential oil antibacterial activity was assessed through disc diffusion and macrodilution tests conducted in a mixed lactic culture of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus (YF-L903) and of Escherichia coli (ATCC 8739), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538), Salmonella enterica (ATCC 6017) strains. Based on the chromatographic analysis results, the essential oils shown to be composed of eugenol (79.41%) which was the prevalent compound in S. aromaticum, geranial (31.89%), neral (24.52%) and β-myrcene (25.37%) in C. citratus, as well as of geranial (33.80%) and neral (25.63%) in L. alba. The observed antibacterial activity confirmed the dose-dependent effect of these three oils on all the assessed bacteria; there was halo inhibition at concentration 20μL mL-1. The essential oil of S. aromaticum presented better antioxidant activity, with IC50 equal to 5.76μg mL-1 and antioxidant activity index of 6.94, and it was considered strong (AAI>2.0) in comparison to the other evaluated oils. This essential oil also presented excellent antioxidant activity at concentrations lower than the one required to inhibit lactic cultures. Based in this outcome, the essential oil from S. aromaticum can be used as preservative agent in processed food whose formulation presents lactic cultures