Effects of the second virial coefficient on the adiabatic lapse rate of dry atmospheres

We study the effect of the second virial coefficient on the adiabatic lapse rate of a dry atmosphere. To this end, we compute the corresponding adiabatic curves, the internal energy, and the heat capacity, among other thermodynamic parameters. We apply these results to Earth, Mars, Venus, Titan, and the exoplanet G1 851d, considering three physically relevant virial coefficients in each case: the hard-sphere, van der Waals, and the square-well potential. These examples illustrate under which atmospheric conditions the effect of the second virial coefficient is relevant. Taking the latter into account yields corrections towards the experimental values of the lapse rates of Venus and Titan in some instances.Comment: 12 pages, 8 figures. Comments are welcom

Dual mode nonlinear model based predictive control with guaranteed stability

Resumen En este artículo se propone un Control Predictivo Basado en un Modelo no Lineal (NMPC) pero que opera por modo dual y con estabilidad garantizada. El modo dual se logra usando un controlador PI dentro de la región terminal del NMPC. Para el cálculo de la región terminal (Ω) y del dominio de atracción se usa la teoría de conjuntos y un algoritmo aleatorizado tipo Montecarlo. En la estrategia de conmutación NMPC al PI se restringen los elementos finales de control suavizando la conmutación. El NMPC por Modo Dual propuesto se implementa en simulación en un Reactor Continuamente Agitado, comparando su desempeño con el de un NMPC multivariable convencional y dos controladores PI. Se concluye que el NMPC por modo dual propuesto es la estrategia de control que además de tener estabilidad garantizada, presenta mejor desempeño. Abstract: This paper proposes a Nonlinear Model based Predictive Control (NMPC), with guaranteed stability using a dual mode Model based Predictive Control approach with a PI controller inside a terminal region. Within the formulation of this control strategy, a terminal region (Ω) and an attraction domain are calculated using invariant sets theory and a randomized Montecarlo type algorithm. In addition, this proposal is complemented with a commutation strategy to constrain final control elements smoothing controllers commutation. This Dual Mode NMPC multivariable control is implemented by simulation over a Continuous Stirred Reactor Tank and comparing Dual Mode NMPC with a conventional NMPC multivariable and with two PI controllers. Finally, this article concludes that the NMPC for dual mode is the control strategy that in addition to having stability guaranteed, presents a better performance

Use and effectiveness of fly goalkeepers in european futsal

Using a fly goalkeeper (FG) is one of futsal´s most specific offensive strategy and gives leverage over the opponent to change the game''s final result. This study will analyze the goals obtained from the use of a FG and relate them to the score momentum variable and others in order to offer a better understanding and to establish if there are differences between main European futsal leagues. Sample made from all offensive situations that lead to a goal while using FG scheme (n=673) during 2014-2015 Spanish, Russian and Italian pro futsal leagues. Observational, nomothetic and multidimensional study. Statistical analysis using the SPSS vr 22 for inferential and descriptive statistics. Chi-square relation for cathegorical variables and Spearman''s Rho to establish non parametrical bi-varial correlations for ordinary variables, establishing significant differences p <0.05. FG strategy obtains 15.33% of the total goals. The league''s behaviour very similar, except in the Italian league, which scores more goals with their attack than against its defence, making differences between goals scored as local and visitor both in attack and defence

Microwave irradiation synthesis to obtain La0.7-xPrxCa0.3MnO3 perovskites : electrical and electrochemical performance

Atzin Ferrel is grateful for her grants from CONACYT and SIP- IPN. The authors also appreciate the financial support provided by the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT), México, Comisión de Operación y Fomento de Actividades Académicas del IPN (COFAA), México and Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado (SIP) of the Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN) México through the CB2015–252181, 20201278, 20201279, 20201280, 20202443 and 20200909 projects as well as the SNI-CONACyT.La0.7-xPrxCa0.3MnO3 (LPCM) perovskites previously synthesized by the microwave-assisted method at 4 min and with different stoichiometry (x = 0.35, 0.52 and 0.63) were evaluated through thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), electrical conductivity, thermal expansion coefficient (TEC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Brunauer- Emmet- Teller (BET) analysis and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) using yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) as an electrolyte. The results are discussed in terms of the potential as cathode material to be applied in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) applications at temperatures from 600 to 800 °C. Results derived from TGA showed that Pr promotes the uncoupling oxygen and oxygen vacancies favoring the fuel combusting. Also, TEC analysis revealed adequate stability between the YSZ electrolyte and the La0.7-xPrxCa0.3MnO3 to avoid cracking or failing, especially with high amount of Pr. The transition in morphology from irregular to regular shapes improves the BET and Barret- Joyner- Halenda (BJH) surfaces and promotes the triple phase boundary (TPB) connectivity. The electrical conductivity correlated to the availability in oxygen vacancies showed maximum conductivities in the order of 10−2 S cm−1. Activation energy (Ea) was found to be reduced with a minimum quantity of Pr (0.071 eV). EIS results indicate that the oxygen vacancies in the LPCM/YSZ system were better promoted with the highest amount of Pr = 0.63 (η = 0.9 V, 800 °C and 0.06 V of amplitude) in comparison with the minimum, Pr = 0.35 (η = 1.2 V, 800 °C and 0.06 V of amplitude).PostprintPeer reviewe

Aqua(glycinato)(3,4,7,8-tetramethyl-1,10-phenanthroline)copper(II) Nitrate

In the title compound, [Cu(C2H4NO2)(C16H16N2)-(H2O)]NO3, CuII displays distorted square-pyramidal coordination where the water molecule is in the apical position and the base is defined by the N and one of the O atoms from the glycinate ligand, and both phenanthroline N atoms. The phenanthroline chelate-ring plane (N1, C12, C11, N2, Cu) is slightly distorted from planarity, whereas the five-membered ring formed by the glycinate ligand (defined by atoms N3, C18, C17, O1 and Cu), presents a distorted half-chair conformation

A Vector Non-abelian Chern-Simons Duality

Abelian Chern-Simons gauge theory is known to possess a `$S$-self-dual' action where its coupling constant $k$ is inverted {\it i.e.} $k \leftrightarrow {1 \over k}$. Here a vector non-abelian duality is found in the pure non-abelian Chern-Simons action at the classical level. The dimensional reduction of the dual Chern-Simons action to two-dimensions constitutes a dual Wess-Zumino-Witten action already given in the literature.Comment: 14+1 pages, LaTeX file, no figures, version to appear in Phys. Rev

Beta-cell mass adaptation to ileum nutrient flow. An experimental model

The population with obesity has increased at an alarming rate during this century. Bariatric surgery has been demonstrated to be a good method to control weight and, most importantly, associated comorbidities, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus or high blood pressure. The reason why this happens even before losing significant weight remains unclear. Many authors believe that incretins play a main role, triggering special functions of the digestive tract. In reports, these hypotheses are known as foregut and hindgut theories. Initially, the theories were mutually exclusive; additionally, many other propositions have been analysed, according to different surgical techniques (e.g., bile acids and specific enterohormonal components). To elucidate the participation of the ileum, we developed a surgical technique to study the rapid response to nutrients in the ileum. Our goal was to study the stress functional test and histological changes in the pancreas that may explain the variations in glycaemic homeostasis in our rat model. After the oral glucose tolerance test, the experimental group presented an increased insulin release response with conserved glycaemia. We report an increasing beta-cell mass in the experimental group (+11.87 mg vs. +9.65 mg, respectively), while alpha-cell mass was not different. Based on transcription factors, the pathways that were increased were the proliferation process (as the number of PCNA-positive cells in the experimental group versus sham (+12.06 vs. +6.2 PCNA+ cells/mm2)) and transdifferentiation (ARX; +2.67 ARX+ cells/mm2 in the experimental group vs. +2.04 ARX+ cells/mm2 in the controls). We report the consequences of the rapid arrival of nonprocessed nutrients to the ileum on the endocrine cellular pancreas. The ileum could be a principal effector in the enterohormonal axis, which conditions endocrine pancreas cellularit