Comparison Among Booth’s and Pekmestzi’s Algorithms for the Multiplication of Two Numbers

A comparison between two different methods of multiplication of two 8-bit numbers is presented. This methods are the Booth’s algorithm and the algorithm proposed by Kiamal Z. Pekmestzi [1]. The general objective is to show the benefits and the advantages obtained if it’s used one of this algorithms over the other. This multipliers have low circuit complexity permitting high-speed operations and the interconnections of the cells are regular. This is the reason why the results shown was obtained using VHDL realization on a FPGA XC4010XL by Xilinx.Consejo de Ciencia y Tecnología del Estado de GuanajuatoConsejo Nacional de Ciencia y TecnologíaUniversidad de GuanajuatoXili

Nonlinear optical properties of Au-nanoparticles conjugated with lipoic acid in water

Gold nanoparticles were chemically conjugated with lipoic acid to control their optical properties. Z-scan and other optical techniques were used to characterize the non-linear behavior of the resulting nanostructured materials. The results show that the nonlinearity is of thermal origin, which can be controlled by the use of lipoic acid as well as other organic molecules conjugated onto metal nanoparticles. In particular, the presence of lipoic acid increases n2 and dn/dT

EFICACIA DE DOS TIPOS DE RECOLECTA PARA REGISTRAR LA DIVERSIDAD DE MELOLÓNTIDOS NOCTURNOS (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEOIDEA)

The traditional assumption is that nocturnal melolonthids are attracted to light and thus they have been collected using light sources. Recent research, however, has shown that not all species respond to light. This study was done to identify the optimum collection method for recording melolonthid diversity. Melolonthid specimens were collected from April to June in 2001 and 2002 from streetlamps and from host plants using handheld lights in three agricultural plots in San Cristóbal de Las Casas, Chiapas, Mexico. Data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis test, collection method within each site (agricultural plot per year) and overall between sites and collection method. Shannon-Winner and Bootstrap indices were generated and Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney tests were run. The Hutcheson procedure was applied, and a logistical regression used to analyze the effect of collection method on the male:female ratio. A total of 11,091 specimens were collected from 20 species and seven morphospecies belonging to 11 genera. The most abundant species were Phyllophaga obsoleta (51.6%), P. tumulosa (25%) and Anomala sticticoptera (10.4%).Collection from host plants produced 19 species and from light sources 22 species. Both collection methods resulted in 14 species from the Phyllophaga, Diplotaxis, Hoplia, Anomala and Viridimicus genera. The Orizabus, Strategus and Macrodactylus genera were only collected from host plants and the Ancognatha, Cyclocephala and Xyloryctes genera only from light sources. Richness varied by collection method at only one site, both within the site (Z = 3.86, P < 0.05) and accounting for all observations (Z = 1.07, P = 0.285). The highest specimen abundance was collected from the host plants (75.11%). Diversity (H’) was 1.44 from hosts and 1.19 from light sources, and differed within site 1 (t294= 31.70, P = 0.001). The male:female ratio for P. tumulosa (P < 0.01) and P. obsoleta (P < 0.001) differed by collection method with the former increasing 75% when collected from light sources and the latter varying by site. The two collection methods are complementary for generating species abundance and richness data. Phyllophaga obsoleta, the species of greatest agricultural importance, had a higher abundance in collections from host plants.Tradicionalmente se ha asumido que los melolóntidos nocturnos son atraídos por las luces, por lo que se ha registrado su diversidad a través de capturas por medio de fuentes luminosas, sin embargo, en recientes trabajos se ha demostrado que no todas las especies responden a ello. Con el propósito de identificar un método de recolecta de estos escarabajos más eficaz para registrar su diversidad, durante los meses de abril a junio de 2001 y 2002 se capturaron escarabajos en alumbrados públicos y en plantas hospederas, buscándolos con lámparas manuales, en tres parcelas agrícolas de San Cristóbal Las Casas, Chiapas. Los datos se analizaron por tipo de recolecta dentro de cada sitio (área agrícola por año) y de forma conjunta entre sitios y tipos de recolecta. La composición de especies por tipo de recolecta se analizó con la prueba Kruskal-Wallis. Se obtuvieron índices de Shannon-Winner y Bootstrap, y corrieron pruebas de Wilcoxon, Mann-Whitney y procedimiento de Hutcheson; además de una regresión logística para analizar el efecto del tipo de captura en la relación de hembras y machos. Se obtuvieron 11,091 ejemplares de 20 especies y siete morfoespecies, pertenecientes a 11 géneros. Las especies más abundantes fueron Phyllophaga obsoleta (51.6%), P. tumulosa (25%) y Anomala sticticoptera (10.4%). En los hospederos se capturaron 19 especies y en alumbrado se registraron 22 especies. En ambos tipos de captura se obtuvieron 14 especies de los géneros Phyllophaga, Diplotaxis, Hoplia, Anomala y Viridimicus. Sólo en las plantas hospederas se capturaron los géneros Orizabus, Strategus y Macrodactylus; y exclusivamente en alumbrado se encontraron Ancognatha, Cyclocephala y Xyloryctes. Únicamente en el sitio 1 la riqueza varió por tipo de recolecta, tanto dentro del sitio (Z = 3.86, P < 0.05) como considerando todas las observaciones (Z = 1.07, P = 0.285). La mayor abundancia se capturó sobre los hospederos (75.11 %). La diversidad (H’) fue de 1.44 en hospederos y de 1.19 en alumbrado, y difirió dentro del sitio 1 (t294= 31.70, P = 0.001). La relación hembras y machos de P. tumulosa (P < 0.01) y P. obsoleta (P < 0.001) difirió entre los tipos de recolecta; la primera aumenta un 75% en alumbrado, y la segunda varía según el sitio. La abundancia y riqueza de especies se complementan con los métodos de recolecta. La especie de importancia agrícola, Phyllophaga obsoleta, se recolectó con mayor abundancia sobre las plantas hospederas

Mixed acceleration techniques for solving quickly stochastic shortest-path markov decision processes

In this paper we propose the combination of accelerated variants of value iteration mixed with improved prioritized sweeping for the fast solution of stochastic shortest-path Markov decision processes. Value iteration is a classical algorithm for solving Markov decision processes, but this algorithm and its variants are quite slow for solving considerably large problems. In order to improve the solution time, acceleration techniques such as asynchronous updates, prioritization and prioritized sweeping have been explored in this paper. A topological reordering algorithm was also compared with static reordering. Experimental results obtained on finite state and action-space stochastic shortest-path problems show that our approach achieves a considerable reduction in the solution time with respect to the tested variants of value iteration. For instance, the experiments showed in one test a reduction of 5.7 times with respect to value iteration with asynchronous updates.En este documento proponemos la combinación de variantes aceleradas del algoritmo de iteración de valor combinadas con el algoritmo de barrido priorizado mejorado para la rápida solución de los procesos de decisión de Markov de ruta estocástica más corta. Iteración de valor es un algoritmo clásico para resolver a los procesos de decisión de Markov, pero este algoritmo y sus variantes son lentos para resolver problemas considerablemente grandes. Con el objeto de mejorar el tiempo de solución de este algoritmo, en este documento se han explorado técnicas de aceleración tales como actualizaciones asíncronas, priorización y barrido priorizado. Un algoritmo de reordenamiento topológico también fue comparado con uno de reordenamiento estático. Los resultados experimentales obtenidos en un problema de ruta estocástica más corta con espacios de estados-acciones finitos; muestran que nuestro enfoque logra una considerable reducción en el tiempo de solución con respecto a las variantes de iteración de valor probadas. Por ejemplo, los experimentos mostraron en una prueba una reducción de 5.7 veces con respecto a iteración de valor usando actualizaciones asíncronas.García Hernández, MDG.; Ruiz Pinales, J.; Onaindia De La Rivaherrera, E.; Ledesma-Orozco, S.; Aviña-Cervantes, J.; Alvarado-Méndez, E.; Reyes-Ballesteros, A. (2011). Mixed acceleration techniques for solving quickly stochastic shortest-path markov decision processes. Journal of Applied Research and Technology. 9(2):129-144. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/46761S1291449

Quid: observatorio de medios

El informe está dividido en cuatro apartados: “Derecho a la información y transparencia”, “La televisión mexicana”, “Empresas y prácticas periodísticas” y “Los que se fueron”. En el primero de ellos se presenta un texto que ayuda a entender cuál es el momento en el que se encuentran las propuestas legislativas para regular a los medios y las telecomunicaciones en México, y una evaluación de los primeros cinco años del Instituto de Transparencia e Información Pública de Jalisco. El segundo apartado del informe es ecléctico, pues se compone de artículos que trabajan distintas temáticas de la televisión:la estructura y oferta de la televisión en nuestro país (en particular en la ciudad de Guadalajara), la televisión por cable (enfatizando el caso de Megacable), un recuento de cómo se gestó el Canal 44 y de sus prospectivas en 2011, y los mundiales de futbol. La tercera parte del informe documenta algunas de las situaciones más importantes que se viven en el periodismo local: estos trabajos presentan sistemas en crisis (alta vulnerabilidad de los periodistas mexicanos ante un clima de violencia que lejos de disminuir va en aumento, y la participación, por acción u omisión, del Estado mexicano en la sistemática violación de los derechos de quienes dedican su vida al trabajo periodístico. Los siguientes artículos tratan sobre las transformaciones de las empresas periodísticas, particularmente las del sector de la prensa escrita: la rápida e inexorable desaparición de los suplementos culturales, y una radiografía sobre las formas de producción de algunas secciones internacionales de los periódicos tapatíos. Al final se presentan las semblanzas de José Galindo, Raúl Mora Lomelí, S.J., Tomás Eloy Martínez y Juan Pablo Rosell.ITESO, A.C

Academic student satisfaction and perceived performance in the e-learning environment during the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence across ten countries

The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has dramatically shaped higher education and seen the distinct rise of e-learning as a compulsory element of the modern educational landscape. Accordingly, this study highlights the factors which have influenced how students perceive their academic performance during this emergency changeover to e-learning. The empirical analysis is performed on a sample of 10,092 higher education students from 10 countries across 4 continents during the pandemic’s first wave through an online survey. A structural equation model revealed the quality of e-learning was mainly derived from service quality, the teacher’s active role in the process of online education, and the overall system quality, while the students’ digital competencies and online interactions with their colleagues and teachers were considered to be slightly less important factors. The impact of e-learning quality on the students’ performance was strongly mediated by their satisfaction with e-learning. In general, the model gave quite consistent results across countries, gender, study fields, and levels of study. The findings provide a basis for policy recommendations to support decision-makers incorporate e-learning issues in the current and any new similar circumstances.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Analysis of CpG methylation sites and CGI among human papillomavirus DNA genomes

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The Human Papillomavirus (HPV) genome is divided into early and late coding sequences, including 8 open reading frames (ORFs) and a regulatory region (LCR). Viral gene expression may be regulated through epigenetic mechanisms, including cytosine methylation at CpG dinucleotides. We have analyzed the distribution of CpG sites and CpG islands/clusters (CGI) among 92 different HPV genomes grouped in function of their preferential tropism: cutaneous or mucosal. We calculated the proportion of CpG sites (PCS) for each ORF and calculated the expected CpG values for each viral type.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>CpGs are underrepresented in viral genomes. We found a positive correlation between CpG observed and expected values, with mucosal high-risk (HR) virus types showing the smallest O/E ratios. The ranges of the PCS were similar for most genomic regions except <it>E4</it>, where the majority of CpGs are found within islands/clusters. At least one CGI belongs to each <it>E2/E4 </it>region. We found positive correlations between PCS for each viral ORF when compared with the others, except for the LCR against four ORFs and <it>E6 </it>against three other ORFs. The distribution of CpG islands/clusters among HPV groups is heterogeneous and mucosal HR-HPV types exhibit both lower number and shorter island sizes compared to cutaneous and mucosal Low-risk (LR) HPVs (all of them significantly different).</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>There is a difference between viral and cellular CpG underrepresentation. There are significant correlations between complete genome PCS and a lack of correlations between several genomic region pairs, especially those involving LCR and <it>E6</it>. <it>L2 </it>and <it>L1 </it>ORF behavior is opposite to that of oncogenes <it>E6 </it>and <it>E7</it>. The first pair possesses relatively low numbers of CpG sites clustered in CGIs while the oncogenes possess a relatively high number of CpG sites not associated to CGIs. In all HPVs, <it>E2/E4 </it>is the only region with at least one CGI and shows a higher content of CpG sites in every HPV type with an identified <it>E4</it>. The mucosal HR-HPVs show either the shortest CGI size, followed by the mucosal LR-HPVs and lastly by the cutaneous viral subgroup, and a trend to the lowest CGI number, followed by the cutaneous viral subgroup and lastly by the mucosal LR-HPVs.</p

Childhood acute leukemias are frequent in Mexico City: descriptive epidemiology

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Worldwide, acute leukemia is the most common type of childhood cancer. It is particularly common in the Hispanic populations residing in the United States, Costa Rica, and Mexico City. The objective of this study was to determine the incidence of acute leukemia in children who were diagnosed and treated in public hospitals in Mexico City.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Included in this study were those children, under 15 years of age and residents of Mexico City, who were diagnosed in 2006 and 2007 with leukemia, as determined by using the International Classification of Childhood Cancer. The average annual incidence rates (AAIR), and the standardized average annual incidence rates (SAAIR) per million children were calculated. We calculated crude, age- and sex-specific incidence rates and adjusted for age by the direct method with the world population as standard. We determined if there were a correlation between the incidence of acute leukemias in the various boroughs of Mexico City and either the number of agricultural hectares, the average number of persons per household, or the municipal human development index for Mexico (used as a reference of socio-economic level).</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Although a total of 610 new cases of leukemia were registered during 2006-2007, only 228 fit the criteria for inclusion in this study. The overall SAAIR was 57.6 per million children (95% CI, 46.9-68.3); acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) was the most frequent type of leukemia, constituting 85.1% of the cases (SAAIR: 49.5 per million), followed by acute myeloblastic leukemia at 12.3% (SAAIR: 6.9 per million), and chronic myeloid leukemia at 1.7% (SAAIR: 0.9 per million). The 1-4 years age group had the highest SAAIR for ALL (77.7 per million). For cases of ALL, 73.2% had precursor B-cell immunophenotype (SAAIR: 35.8 per million) and 12.4% had T-cell immunophenotype (SAAIR 6.3 per million). The peak ages for ALL were 2-6 years and 8-10 years. More than half the children (58.8%) were classified as high risk. There was a positive correlation between the average number of persons per household and the incidence of the pre-B immunophenotype (Pearson's r, 0.789; P = 0.02).</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The frequency of ALL in Mexico City is among the highest in the world, similar to those found for Hispanics in the United States and in Costa Rica.</p

Cooperative management and its effects on shade tree diversity, soil properties and ecosystem services of coffee plantations in western El Salvador

We compared how management approaches affected shade tree diversity, soil properties, and provisioning and carbon sequestration ecosystem services in three shade coffee cooperatives. Collectively managed cooperatives utilized less diverse shade, and pruned coffee and shade trees more intensively, than individual farms. Soil properties showed significant differences among the cooperatives, with the following properties contributing to differentiation: N, pH, P, K, and Ca. Higher tree richness was associated with higher soil pH, CEC, Ca, and Mg, and lower K. Higher tree densities were associated with lower N, K, and organic matter. Although we found differences in the incidence of provisioning services (e.g., fruit), all plantations generated products other than coffee. No differences were observed between C-stocks. The history and institutional arrangements of cooperatives can influence management approaches, which affect ecosystem properties and services. Our study corroborates that interdisciplinary investigations are essential to understand the socio-ecological context of tropical shade coffee landscapes