Efecto de poblaciones y aporques en la producción de papa en Nariño, Colombia.

Se determinaron las distancias de siembra y métodos de aporque que permiten obtener altos rendimientos en zonas paperas de Nariño. Los ensayos se establecieron en los municipios de Yacuanquer, Tangua y Pasto, utilizando las variedades de papa ICA-Puracé y DIACOL-Capiro. Se ensayo diferentes distancias entre plantas y entre surcos. Los sistemas de aporque evaluados fueron: sin aporque, aporque intermedio (10-20 cm de altura del caballón), aporque completo (30-40 cm de caballón), aporque exagerado (más de 50 cm de caballón) y aporque completo antes de la siembra. Las distancias variaron con el tamaño y desarrollo de la variedad sembrada. Para ICA-Puracé, variedad de follaje denso y tallos gruesos y largos, se recomienda sembrar a 80-90 cm entre surcos y 20-30 cm entre plantas. En la variedad DIACOL-Capiro, de follaje escaso, tallos delgados y cortos, se recomienda una distancia entre surcos de 60 a 80 cm y entre plantas de 20 a 30 cm. Al comparar la producción de tubérculos en ambas variedades, con los diferentes métodos de aporque se encontraron rendimientos similares, en el suelo bien preparado, entre los 3 primeros tratamientos, mientras que en el suelo mal preparado hubo necesidad de efectuar aporques completos y exágerados para asegurar altas produccionesPapa-Solanum tuberosu

Oral cyanocobalamin is effective in the treatment of vitamin B12 deficiency in crohn’s disease

Cobalamin deficiency is common in patients with Crohn’s disease (CD). Intramuscular cobalamin continues to be the standard therapy for the deficiency and maintenance treatment in these patients, although oral route has been demonstrated to be effective in other pathologies with impaired absorption. Our aims were to evaluate the efficacy of oral therapy in the treatment of cobalamin deficiency and in long-term maintenance in patients with Crohn’s disease. We performed a multicenter retrospective cohort study that included 94 patients with Crohn’s disease and cobalamin deficiency. Seventy-six patients had B12 deficiency and 94.7% of them normalized their cobalamin levels with oral treatment. The most used dose was 1 mg/day, but there were no significant differences in treatment effectiveness depending on the dose used (=1 mg/24 h vs. <1 mg/24 h). Eighty-two patients had previous documented B12 deficiency and were treated with oral B12 to maintain their correct cobalamin levels. After a mean follow-up of 3 years, the oral route was effective as maintenance treatment in 81.7% of patients. A lack of treatment adherence was admitted by 46.6% of patients in who the oral route failed. In conclusion, our study shows that oral cyanocobalamin provides effective acute and maintenance treatment for vitamin B12 deficiency caused by CD with or without ileum resection

"Review: Application of Bioequivalence Testing of Medicines in Peru"

"This is a review of the current status of drug bioequivalence studies in Peru. A bibliographic search was conducted in PubMed (Medline database) for bioequivalence studies in Peru. Generic drugs constitute the basis of pharmacological requests in health care systems in Latin American countries. Peru has enacted laws and regulations that require bioequivalence studies of high health risk drugs and exemptions, based on international legislation, to be conducted in research centers accredited by the authority of Health. There is a list of 19 drugs that must demonstrate their therapeutic equivalence through in vivo or in vitro studies, of which 13 have shown bioequivalence in vivo, and 8 of those have shown bioequivalence in vitro. There is a challenge for health authorities to enforce the current legislation and an even greater challenge for pharmaceutical laboratories to demonstrate bioequivalence of multi-source drugs with the reference drug.

Las alternativas ciudadanas para otros mundos posibles: pensamiento y experiencias

El documento está conformado por tres partes: la primera define algunos conceptos y expone ciertas teorías sobre el desarrollo y las alternativas (los artículos que componen este apartado son: "Diversidad y dinamismo de las alternativas ciudadanas", "¿Desarrollo alternativo o alternativas al desarrollo? repensando el concepto desde el territorio y el sur global"); la segunda, hace referencia a la construcción de algunas experiencias concretas relacionadas con las alternativas ciudadanas ("La gestión compleja del agua", "La alternativa educativa intercultural wixárika"; "Los procesos sociales en la construcción de alternativas a conflictos ambientales en la cuenca alta del río Santiago"). La tercera parte consiste en una propuesta de investigación sobre las alternativas ciudadanas ("Las alternativas ciudadanas: una propuesta de análisis").ITESO, A.C

Morphological variability of native maize (Zea mays L.) of the west highland of Puebla and east highland of Tlaxcala, Mexico

The objective of this research was to assess the morphological variability of maize landraces native of the west highland of Puebla and east highland of Tlaxcala, México, in order to, besides define it, related it to races, commercial varieties and with the altitude of the localities of seed collection. The genetic resources evaluated were 134 accessions collected in 34 localities, along with 10 controls. Experiments were established on three localities using a Lattice 12 x 12. Thirty-two morphological traits were analyzed, 27 of them resulting with highly significant differences, reflecting the high variability at the level of morphological characters, many of them of agronomic interest. From variance analysis 16 traits were selected for use in a cluster analysis through the Modified Localization Method, which joint the populations in six groups, most of them in the group 1, with morphological traits of long cycle varieties: high plants, with greater primary branches of the tassel, greater ear diameter and length, and greater grain length and width. The conclusions indicate that the morphological variability of Landraces is not associated with the altitude of localities of seed collection and that these have more relation with Chalqueño race, small with Conico race, absent with Conico Norteño and Palomero Toluqueño races and almost absent with commercial varieties.The objective of this research was to assess the morphological variability of maize landraces native of the west highland of Puebla and east highland of Tlaxcala, México, in order to, besides define it, related it to races, commercial varieties and with the altitude of the localities of seed collection. The genetic resources evaluated were 134 accessions collected in 34 localities, along with 10 controls. Experiments were established on three localities using a Lattice 12 x 12. Thirty-two morphological traits were analyzed, 27 of them resulting with highly significant differences, reflecting the high variability at the level of morphological characters, many of them of agronomic interest. From variance analysis 16 traits were selected for use in a cluster analysis through the Modified Localization Method, which joint the populations in six groups, most of them in the group 1, with morphological traits of long cycle varieties: high plants, with greater primary branches of the tassel, greater ear diameter and length, and greater grain length and width. The conclusions indicate that the morphological variability of Landraces is not associated with the altitude of localities of seed collection and that these have more relation with Chalqueño race, small with Conico race, absent with Conico Norteño and Palomero Toluqueño races and almost absent with commercial varieties

Abamectin and emamectin in grapes of Vitis vinifera L. from a district of the Valley of Ica-Peru

Context: In 14 districts of the valley of Ica-Peru, Vitis vinifera L. plants are cultivated that produce grapes for consumption as table grapes and raisins (dried grapes); at the same time, for the production of wines and Piscos. Aims: To determine the levels of abamectin and emamectin in grapes of Vitis vinifera L from a district of the Valley of Ica-Peru. Methods: 30 lots (30 kg) of Moscatel grape variety V. vinifera L. were collected from six countryside (artisanal and organic cultivation) of the San Juan Bautista district. The extraction of abamectin (ABM) and emamectin benzoate (EMB) from the grapes was carried out with acetonitrile; it was quantified by means of Liquid Chromatography coupled to Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-MS). The maximum permissible limit values (MRL) were established at 0.010 ppm for both insecticides. Results: The determined levels of abamectin and emamectin in grapes were 0.0012-0.015 ppm and 0.0013-0.013 ppm, respectively. Values higher than the maximum permissible limits of abamectin were found in batches A2 (0.0102 ppm), C1 (0.015 ppm), C5 (0.0113 ppm), and F2 (0.012 ppm); emamectin benzoate in lots B1 (0.0113 ppm), B4 (0.013 ppm) and C4 (0.012 ppm). Using the Shapiro-Wilk, Anderson Darling and Student’s t tests, it was found that the global means of the values of the two insecticides in grapes are lower than the MRL. According to the global analysis of variance, the means of the concentrations of both insecticides were not different between the six sampling zones (countryside). Conclusions: The insecticides abamectin and emamectin are below the maximum permissible limit values (0.010 ppm) in Moscatel grapes of Vitis vinifera L., so the residual effect would not have implications for human health

Características relevantes de la simulación energética de viviendas unifamiliares

Energy simulation systems allow analyzing the environmental quality and demand of buildings, but they must have reliable and proper procedures. This paper identifies relevant conditions of energy simulation systems for the study of single-family homes, based on the analysis of a dozen programs and various experiences in south central Chile. A review of capabilities was conducted, simulating the same case in all systems and making interviews with expert users. Besides it studied the incidence of background data and different strategies for analysis the environmental performance of housing. Revealing significant characteristics in the energy study of detached residential buildings. Finally it suggests reviewing certain conditions to ensure the effectiveness of the environmental analysis and subsequent actions.Los sistemas de simulación energética de edificios permiten analizar la calidad y demanda ambiental de las construcciones, pero deben contar con procedimientos fiables y pertinentes. Este artículo identifica condiciones relevantes de la simulación energética de viviendas unifamiliares, basado en el análisis de una docena de programas y distintas experiencias en el centro sur de Chile. Desarrollando una revisión de capacidades de los sistemas, a través de la simulación de una misma vivienda y entrevistas a usuarios expertos. Además de estudiar incidencias de los antecedentes y distintas estrategias de análisis para el mejoramiento ambiental de viviendas. Revelando características significativas para el estudio energético de construcciones habitacionales aisladas. Finalmente sugiere revisar ciertas condiciones de los sistemas para asegurar la efectividad de los análisis ambientales y de las acciones subsecuentes

Genomic diversity of the human pathogen Paracoccidioides across the South American continent

Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a life-threatening systemic mycosis widely reported in the Gran Chaco ecosystem. The disease is caused by different species from the genus Paracoccidioides, which are all endemic to South and Central America. Here, we sequenced and analyzed 31 isolates of Paracoccidioides across South America, with particular focus on isolates from Argentina and Paraguay. The de novo sequenced isolates were compared with publicly available genomes. Phylogenetics and population genomics revealed that PCM in Argentina and Paraguay is caused by three distinct Paracoccidioides genotypes, P. brasiliensis (S1a and S1b) and P. restrepiensis (PS3). P. brasiliensis S1a isolates from Argentina are frequently associated with chronic forms of the disease. Our results suggest the existence of extensive molecular polymorphism among Paracoccidioides species, and provide a framework to begin to dissect the connection between genotypic differences in the pathogen and the clinical outcomes of the disease.Fil: Teixeira, Marcus de Melo. Universidade do Brasília; BrasilFil: Cattana, Maria Emilia. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Instituto de Medicina Regional; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste; ArgentinaFil: Matute, Daniel R.. University of North Carolina; Estados UnidosFil: Muñoz, José F.. Broad Institute Of Mit And Harvard; Estados UnidosFil: Arechavala, Alicia. Hospital Francisco J Muñiz; ArgentinaFil: Isbell, Kristin. University of North Carolina; Estados UnidosFil: Schipper, Rafael. Universidade do Brasília; BrasilFil: Santiso, Gabriela Maria. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital de Infecciosas "Dr. Francisco Javier Muñiz"; ArgentinaFil: Tracogna, Fernanda. Gobierno de la Provincia de Chaco. Hospital Julio Cecilio Perrando.; ArgentinaFil: Sosa, María de los Ángeles. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Instituto de Medicina Regional; ArgentinaFil: Cech, Norma. Hospital 4 de Junio; ArgentinaFil: Alvarado, Primavera. Instituto de Biomedicina Dr. Jacinto Convit; VenezuelaFil: Barreto, Laura. Instituto Superior de Formación Docente Salome Ureña; República DominicanaFil: Chacón, Yone. Provincia de Salta. Ministerio de Salud Pública. Hospital del Milagro; ArgentinaFil: Ortellado, Juana. Universidad Nacional de Asunción; ParaguayFil: Lima, Cleoni Mendes de. Universidade Federal de Rondonia; BrasilFil: Chang, Marilene Rodrigues. Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul; BrasilFil: Niño Vega, Gustavo. Universidad de Guanajuato; MéxicoFil: Yasuda, Maria Aparecida Shikanai. Universidade de Sao Paulo; BrasilFil: Felipe, Maria Sueli Soares. Universidade Catolica de Brasilia; BrasilFil: Negroni, Ricardo. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital de Infecciosas "Dr. Francisco Javier Muñiz"; ArgentinaFil: Cuomo, Christina A.. Broad Institute of MIT And Harvard; Estados UnidosFil: Barker, Bridget. Tgen Northern Arizona University; Estados UnidosFil: Giusiano, Gustavo Emilio. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Instituto de Medicina Regional; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Medicina; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste; Argentin