Cuerpo y disciplina, orden y poder: Del Instructor Popular a los Tribunales Infantiles

A fines del siglo XIX, en la República Argentina, el periódico mendocino El Instructor Popular publica el intercambio epistolar entre dos graduados de la Escuela Normal de Paraná: Carlos Norberto Vergara y Ernesto A.Bavio. Reprender, reformar y corregir el error, las faltas y la ignorancia, fueron las justificaciones para hacer uso de punteros y palmetas e incorporar la pena, el dolor y la culpa como correctivos, en las instituciones educativas de "la letra con la sangre entra" en manos de "maestros normales que quieren gobernar con el lático". El espistolario visibiliza y reprueba ciertas prácticas que tuvieron al cuerpo infantil como territorio de anclaje para la institucionalización educativa. Puntear esa conjetura nos permite trazar continuidades y discontinuidades entre los "principios de la disciplina" y "los castigos corporales" como antecedentes para los "tribunales infantiles", implementados en la Escuela Quintana de la Provincia de Mendoza, por Florencia Fossatti, en las primeras décadas del siglo XX.Fil: Alvarado, Mariana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto de Ciencias Humanas, Sociales y Ambientales; Argentin

Quality and condition features of hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) cv. Barcelona grown in South-Central of Chile

En Chile, entre las regiones del Maule y Los Lagos, la producción y exportación de avellana europea (Corylus avellana L.) aumenta sostenidamente; constituyendo la calidad y condición, factores incidentes en el precio y exportación. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la calidad y condición de avellana europea cv. Barcelona proveniente de 14 plantaciones comerciales ubicadas en el centro-sur de Chile. El peso de fruto y de semilla varió significativamente entre las plantaciones evaluadas, y en menor grado lo fue altura e índice de redondez del fruto, la relación cáscara/semilla y el calibre de la semilla. Los defectos de condición predominantes en todas las localidades fueron frutos vanos y semillas dobles y arrugadas, la prevalencia de fitopatógenos de poscosecha fue baja (1%; rango 0 - 4%). El desprendimiento del perisperma varió significativamente y en todos los casos fue de calidad aceptable para Barcelona (rango 3 - 5). El contenido de aceite (60,7%), proteína (16,5%), fibra (3,1%), cenizas (2,18%), índice promedio de acidez (0,15) y peróxidos (1,3) no varió significativamente entre las localidades. Considerando las características físicas evaluadas se conformaron dos grupos clúster de disimilitud, que no evidencia una tendencia clara en función de la localidad.In Chile, from Del Maule to Los Lagos regions, the hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) production and exportation increases steadily, being the quality and condition of fruit a factor to enhance the prices and exportation. In this way, the information is scarce. The aim of this research was to evaluate the fruit quality and condition of hazelnut cv. Barcelona from 14 commercial plantations located in South-Central Chile. Concerning, the fruit and seed weight varied significantly among evaluated plantations and in a lesser level for height, fruit roundness index, shell/seed ratio and seed caliber. Prevailing condition defects were vain fruits and double and wrinkled seeds, incidence of pathogens was low but variable (1%, ranging 0 - 4%). The detachment of perisperm was indicative of acceptable quality (range 3-5) among the plantations. The contents of fatty (60.7%), protein (16.5%), fiber (3.1%), ash (2.18%), acidity (0.15) and peroxides indexes (1.3) did not vary among plantations. Considering the evaluated features two clusters of dissimilarity groups among the localities were conformed, indicative of prevalence relationship to local site-specific and crop management conditions.Fil: Guerrero, Jaime. Temuco (Chile). Universidad de La Frontera. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Forestales. Laboratorio de Fitopatología.Fil: Meriño-Gergichevich, Cristian. Temuco (Chile). Universidad de La Frontera. Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus. Center of Plant, Soil Interaction and Natural Resources BiotechnologyFil: Ogass C., Kristopher. Temuco (Chile). Universidad de La Frontera. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Forestales. Laboratorio de Fitopatología.Fil: Alvarado N., Camila. Temuco (Chile). Universidad de La Frontera. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Forestales. Laboratorio de Fitopatología.Fil: Sobarzo M., Verónica. Temuco (Chile). Universidad de La Frontera. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Forestales. Laboratorio de Fitopatología

Xenopus laevis and Emerging Amphibian Pathogens in Chile

Amphibians face an extinction crisis with no precedence. Two emerging infectious diseases, ranaviral disease caused by viruses within the genus Ranavirus and chytridiomycosis due to Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), have been linked with amphibian mass mortalities and population declines in many regions of the globe. The African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) has been indicated as a vector for the spread of these pathogens. Since the 1970s, this species has been invasive in central Chile. We collected X. laevis and dead native amphibians in Chile between 2011 and 2013. We conducted post-mortem examinations and molecular tests for Ranavirus and Bd. Eight of 187 individuals (4.3 %) tested positive for Ranavirus: seven X. laevis and a giant Chilean frog (Calyptocephallela gayi). All positive cases were from the original area of X. laevis invasion. Bd was found to be more prevalent (14.4 %) and widespread than Ranavirus, and all X. laevis Bd-positive animals presented low to moderate levels of infection. Sequencing of a partial Ranavirus gene revealed 100 % sequence identity with Frog Virus 3. This is the first report of Ranavirus in Chile, and these preliminary results are consistent with a role for X. laevis as an infection reservoir for both Ranavirus and Bd

Nourishing Smiles: Challenges and Lessons Learned from Implementing an Interprofessional School-based Oral Health and Nutrition Literacy Program for Adolescents

Increasing autonomy and potential engagement in risky health behaviors during adolescence creates a critical time for oral health and nutrition health promotion. A Social Cognitive Theory-based oral health promotion program was developed and piloted in an under-resourced urban high school. The program was designed to improve health literacy regarding oral health, nutrition, and risky health behaviors that influence oral health through didactic lessons and interactive in-class group activities. In this pilot study, twenty-four students participated and completed both pre-/post-program surveys (mean age=15.6 years [SD=0.97], 63% female; 75% Black; 46% food insecure). Over one-third (38%) of students had not visited a dentist in the past year (67% male; 56% Black, 44% food insecure). While health literacy slightly increased from pre- to post-program, the increase was not significant. The limited positive findings may be related to small sample size in this pilot, as well as implementation challenges that occurred: lack of partnership buy-in, turnover and vacancies, scheduling conflicts, low attendance, and available but inaccessible dental care. Lessons learned from the challenges can inform future program planning and implementation

Lasing in Two-Dimensional Tin Perovskites

Two-dimensional (2D) perovskites have been proposed as materials capable of improving the stability and surpassing the radiative recombination efficiency of three-dimensional perovskites. However, their luminescent properties have often fallen short of what has been expected. In fact, despite attracting considerable attention for photonic applications during the last two decades, lasing in 2D perovskites remains unclear and under debate. Here, we were able to improve the optical gain properties of 2D perovskite and achieve optically pumped lasing. We show that the choice of the spacer cation affects the defectivity and photostability of the perovskite, which in turn influences its optical gain. Based on our synthetic strategy, we obtain PEA2SnI4 films with high crystallinity and favorable optical properties, resulting in amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) with a low threshold (30 μJ/cm2), a high optical gain above 4000 cm-1 at 77 K, and ASE operation up to room temperature

Biochemical and aggregation analysis of Bence Jones proteins from different light chain diseases

Deposition of immunoglobulin light chains is a result of clonal proliferation of monoclonal plasma cells that secrete free immunoglobulin light chains, also called Bence Jones proteins (Bence Jones proteins). These Bence Jones proteins are present in circulation in large amounts and excreted in urine in various light chain diseases such as light chain amyloidosis (AL), light chain deposition disease (LCDD) and multiple myeloma (MM). BJP from patients with AL, LCDD and MM were purified from their urine and studies were performed to determine their secondary structure, thermodynamic stability and aggregate formation kinetics. Our results show that LCDD and MM proteins have the lowest free energy of folding while all proteins show similar melting temperatures. Incubation of the BJP at their melting temperature produced morphologically different aggregates: amyloid fibrils from the AL proteins, amorphous aggregates from the LCDD proteins and large spherical species from the MM proteins. The aggregates formed under in vitro conditions suggested that the various proteins derived from patients with different light chain diseases might follow different aggregation pathways