El refugi mexicà. Químics i farmacèutics de l'exili espanyol a Mèxic

The Mexican Refuge. Chemists and Pharmacists from Spain Exiled in Mexico.Intellectuals and scientists started arriving in Mexico in 1938. The Spanish exiles were supported by two agencies: the fi rst was the Immigration Service for Spanish Republicans (SERE - Servicio de Evacuación de Refugiados Españoles). The other was the Committee for Assistance to Spanish Republicans (JARE - Junta de Auxilio a los Republicanos Españoles). In particular this article focuses on the chemists and pharmacists exiled in Mexico who were able to continue their research and teaching activities innumerous Mexican institutions, thanks to support from the Mexican government

Maternal Exposure to Bisphenol-A During Pregnancy Increases Pancreatic β-Cell Growth During Early Life in Male Mice Offspring

Alterations during development of metabolic key organs such as the endocrine pancreas affect the phenotype later in life. There is evidence that in utero or perinatal exposure to bisphenol-A (BPA) leads to impaired glucose metabolism during adulthood. However, how BPA exposure during pregnancy affects pancreatic β-cell growth and function in offspring during early life has not been explored. We exposed pregnant mice to either vehicle (control) or BPA (10 and 100 μg/kg·d, BPA10 and BPA100) and examined offspring on postnatal days (P) P0, P21, P30, and P120. BPA10 and BPA100 mice presented lower birth weight than control and subsequently gained weight until day 30. At that age, concentration of plasma insulin, C-peptide, and leptin were increased in BPA-exposed animals in the nonfasting state. Insulin secretion and content were diminished in BPA10 and maintained in BPA100 compared with control. A global gene expression analysis indicated that genes related with cell division were increased in islets from BPA-treated animals. This was associated with an increase in pancreatic β-cell mass at P0, P21, and P30 together with increased β-cell proliferation and decreased apoptosis. On the contrary, at P120, BPA-treated animals presented either equal or decreased β-cell mass compared with control and altered fasting glucose levels. These data suggest that in utero exposure to environmentally relevant doses of BPA alters the expression of genes involved in β-cell growth regulation, incrementing β-cell mass/area, and β-cell proliferation during early life. An excess of insulin signaling during early life may contribute to impaired glucose tolerance during adulthood

Fatores que influenciam a participação do pessoal de enfermagem na educação contínua

The purpose was to determine the effect of personal and professional factors, as well as motivational orientations, on the participation of nursing staff in continuing education at two health institutions, one public and another private. Descriptive, comparative, correlational design. Probabilistic sampling, random estimation, error limit 0.05, confidence level 95%. Participants were 105 subjects from the private institution and 200 subjects from the public institution. Two instruments were applied: Scale of Reasons for Participation (SRP) and instrument of Participation in Continuing Education (PCE). The internal consistency of the instruments was acceptable. Among personal factors, the income demonstrated effect on the participation (p=.007) in continuing education. Academic level (p=.004) and staff position (p=.005) are professional factors that predict participation in continuing education, as well as the development factor and professional enhancement among motivational orientations (p=.005). The labor institution, whether private or public, did not show any significant effect.El propósito fue determinar el efecto de los factores personales, profesionales y orientaciones motivacionales sobre la participación del personal de enfermería en educación continua en dos instituciones de salud, pública y privada. Diseño descriptivo, comparativo y correlacional. Muestreo probabilístico, aleatorio, límite de error de estimación 0.05, nivel de confianza 95%. Participaron 105 sujetos de la institución privada y 200 sujetos de la pública. Se aplicaron dos instrumentos: Escala de Razones de Participación (ERP) e instrumento de Participación en Educación Continua (PEC). La consistencia interna de los instrumentos fue aceptable. De los factores personales se encontró que el ingreso económico tiene efecto sobre la participación (p=.007). El nivel académico (p=.004) y puesto que ocupa (p=.005) son factores profesionales predictores. De las orientaciones motivacionales el factor de desarrollo y mejora profesional mostró efecto significativo (p=.05) en la participación en educación continua. La institución laboral sea pública o privada no mostró efecto significativo.O propósito do estudo foi determinar o efeito dos fatores pessoais, profissionais e as orientações motivacionais na participação do pessoal de enfermagem na educação continuada em duas instituições de saúde, uma pública e outra privada. O desenho foi descritivo, comparativo e correlacional. Amostragem probabilística, aleatoria, límite de erro de estimação 0.05, nível de confiança 95%. Participaram 105 sujeitos da instituição privada e 200 sujetos da pública. Aplicaram-se dois instrumentos: Escala de Razões de Participação (ERP) e instrumento de Participação na Educação Continuada (PEC). A consistência interna dos instrumentos foi aceitável. Dos fatores pessoales, encontrou-se que a renda económica tem efeito na participação (p=.007). O nível acadêmico (p=.004) e a posição laboral (p=.005) são fatores profissionais prognósticos da participação na educação continuada. Das orientações motivacionais, o fator de desenvolvimento e melhora profissional mostrou efeito significativo (p=.05) na participação. A instituição laboral, seja pública ou privada, não teve efeito significativo

Caacupe. La tipografía de la villa 21-24

Objetivo del proyecto: Desarrollar una tipografía a partir de observaciones del entorno visual de villa de emergencia 21-24, Barracas, Buenos Aires. Que la misma refleje la identidad del barrio, permitiendo ser utilizada de manera armónica generando un sentido de pertenencia con el mismo

Improving seasonal forecasting through tropical ocean bias corrections

Initialisation shock is often discussed in the context of coupled atmosphere-ocean forecasting, but its detection has remained elusive. In this paper, the presence of initialisation shock in seasonal forecasts is clearly identified in the variability of the tropical thermocline. The specific source of shock studied here is the use of a bias correction procedure to account for errors in equatorial wind stress forcing during ocean initialisation. It is shown that the abrupt removal of the bias correction at the beginning of the forecast leads to rapid adjustments in the upper ocean, creating a shock that remains in the system for at least three months. By contrast, gradual removal of the correction term, over 20 days, greatly reduces the initialisation shock. Evidence is presented of substantial increases in sea surface temperature (SST) seasonal forecast skill, at around 3–7 months’ lead time, when the gradual removal approach is used. Gains in skill of up to 0.05, as measured by the anomaly correlation coefficient for SST in the Nino4 region, are found, using a modest hindcast set covering four seasonal start dates. The results show that improvements in coupled initialisation aimed at reducing shocks may considerably benefit seasonal forecasting

Origin and impact of initialisation shocks in coupled atmosphere-ocean forecasts

Current methods for initialising coupled atmosphere-ocean forecasts often rely on the use of separate atmosphere and ocean analyses, the combination of which can leave the coupled system imbalanced at the beginning of the forecast, potentially accelerating the development of errors. Using a series of experiments with the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts coupled system, the magnitude and extent of these so-called initialisation shocks is quantified, and their impact on forecast skill measured. It is found that forecasts initialised by separate ocean and atmospheric analyses do exhibit initialisation shocks in lower atmospheric temperature, when compared to forecasts initialised using a coupled data assimilation method. These shocks result in as much as a doubling of root-mean-square error on the first day of the forecast in some regions, and in increases that are sustained for the duration of the 10-day forecasts performed here. However, the impacts of this choice of initialisation on forecast skill, assessed using independent datasets, were found to be negligible, at least over the limited period studied. Larger initialisation shocks are found to follow a change in either the atmospheric or ocean model component between the analysis and forecast phases: changes in the ocean component can lead to sea surface temperature shocks of more than 0.5K in some equatorial regions during the first day of the forecast. Implications for the development of coupled forecast systems, particularly with respect to coupled data assimilation methods, are discussed

Programación anual de Física y Química para 1º de Bachillerato y situación de aprendizaje: todo es energía

Máster Univ. en Formación del Profes. en E.S.O., Bachillerato, F.P. y E.Ii

Expresión de las relaciones de fraternidad en la diplomática medieval latina

El presente artículo pretende ser una modesta aportación a los estudios de Lexicografía Latina Medieval. En él nos centraremos en el análisis del vocabulario de las relaciones de fraternidad, concepto que los textos diplomáticos de la alta Edad Media denominaban fraternitas. Con el término fraternitas nos referimos aquí no sólo a las relaciones que, dentro del denominado parentesco biológico, unen colateralmente a los hijos de unos mismos padres, sino también a un tipo de parentesco ficticio, muy desarrollado por la sociedad medieval, que instaura entre personas pertenecientes a diferentes grupos de parentesco un lazo de familiaritas artificial semejante a la relación consanguínea que comparten los hijos en las familias biológica

The importance of wind and buoyancy forcing for the boundary density variations and the geostrophic component of the AMOC at 26°N

It is widely thought that changes in both the surface buoyancy fluxes and wind stress drive variability in the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC), but that they drive variability on different time scales. For example, wind forcing dominates short-term variability through its effects on Ekman currents and coastal upwelling, whereas buoyancy forcing is important for longer time scales (multiannual and decadal). However, the role of the wind forcing on multiannual to decadal time scales is less clear. Here the authors present an analysis of simulations with the Nucleus for European Modelling of the Ocean (NEMO) ocean model with the aim of explaining the important drivers of the zonal density gradient at 26°N, which is directly related to the AMOC. In the experiments, only one of either the wind stress or the buoyancy forcing is allowed to vary in time, whereas the other remains at its seasonally varying climatology. On subannual time scales, variations in the density gradient, and in the AMOC minus Ekman, are driven largely by local wind-forced coastal upwelling at both the western and eastern boundaries. On decadal time scales, buoyancy forcing related to the North Atlantic Oscillation dominates variability in the AMOC. Interestingly, however, it is found that wind forcing also plays a role at longer time scales, primarily impacting the interannual variability through the excitation of Rossby waves in the central Atlantic, which propagate westward to interact with the western boundary, but also by modulating the decadal time-scale response to buoyancy forcing