Use of Audio Files Improves Students' Performance in Higher Education

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Relación entre Auto-Focus Autobiográfico y Especificidad/Sobregeneralización de la memoria: diferencias entre personas con y sin un diagnóstico de depresión

Research has revealed that clinical depression is related to reduced specificity and/or overgenerality in autobiographical memory. We set out to investigate this relationship by comparing depressed (n = 40) and non-depressed (n = 40) individuals not only in terms of autobiographical memory specificity/generality, but also in terms of narrative structure. Specificity was assessed with the Autobiographical Memory Test (AMT; Williams & Broadbent, 1986) and participants also provided open-ended memories, which were analyzed for autobiographical cognitive complexity (Woike, 1994). Narrative differentiation, as an indicator of self-focus, was negatively related to specificity and positively to overgenerality of particularly negative autobiographical memories – but only in the depressed sample. Relationships were significantly different among non-depressed individuals. Results are discussed in the context of the relation between specificity/overgenerality and self-focus.La investigación ha revelado que la depresión clínica está relacionada con una menor especificidad y/o sobregeneralización en la memoria autobiográfica. Nuestro objetivo consistió en estudiar dicha relación comparando personas deprimidas (n = 40) y no deprimidas (n = 40) no solo en términos de especificidad/generalidad de la memoria autobiográfica, sino también con respecto a la estructura narrativa. Se evaluó la especificidad con el Test de Memoria Autobiográfica (AMT; Williams & Broadbent, 1986). Los participantes también proporcionaron recuerdos en formato abierto, los cuales se analizaron en términos de complejidad cognitiva autobiográfica (Woike, 1994). La diferenciación narrativa, como un indicador de auto-focus, se relacionó negativamente con la especificidad y positivamente con la sobregeneralización de recuerdos autobiográficos negativos, pero solamente en la muestra de deprimidos; las asociaciones fueron significativamente diferentes entre personas no deprimidas. Se discuten los resultados en el contexto de la relación entre especificidad/sobregeneralización y auto-focus.Research has revealed that clinical depression is related to reduced specificity and/or overgenerality in autobiographical memory. We set out to investigate this relationship by comparing depressed (n = 40) and non-depressed (n = 40) individuals not only in terms of autobiographical memory specificity/generality, but also in terms of narrative structure. Specificity was assessed with the Autobiographical Memory Test (AMT; Williams & Broadbent, 1986) and participants also provided open-ended memories, which were analyzed for autobiographical cognitive complexity (Woike, 1994). Narrative differentiation, as an indicator of self-focus, was negatively related to specificity and positively to overgenerality of particularly negative autobiographical memories – but only in the depressed sample. Relationships were significantly different among non-depressed individuals. Results are discussed in the context of the relation between specificity/overgenerality and self-focus

La motivación del colectivo arbitral en fútbol : un estudio cualitativo

The aim of this study was to assess soccer referees initial, continuing and drop-out motivations using a qualitative methodology. A total of 19 former soccer referees from different categories were interviewed to this end. Enrolment in refereeing is related to a previous contact with the sport in several cases, and money is not considered an important incentive for enrolling nor for continuing in the activity. The most satisfying elements are: personal relationships within the refereeing family and doing a good job on the pitch. Some ex-referees display distrust toward the refereeing organization, especially as regards to the distribution of matches and the promotion of mechanisms. Aggressions are present in refereeing, which diminishes motivation, however, dropping out comes from a confluence of factors

Attachment, Conflict Resolution, Marital Satisfaction, and Culture in Women

The aim of this study was to compare levels of attachment, conflict resolution strategies and marital satisfaction in women from Israel, United States, Turkey, and Spain (N = 343). A sample of individuals involved in a romantic relationship at ages 18-68 (M = 35.4, SD = 11.83) completed measures of attachment dimensions, conflict resolution strategies, and marital satisfaction. Tucker Phi coefficients revealed the same structure of the scales across all countries. Mean comparisons were used. Differences were observed among women from Israel, Turkey, USA, and Spain in attachment (avoidant and anxiety), as well as in own conflict resolution strategies and in perception of partner’s conflict resolution strategies. In individualistic countries, women reported using conflict withdrawal to a higher extent. Women from collectivistic cultures showed higher levels of avoidant attachment and of use of demand strategy. No cultural differences in women’s marital satisfaction were observed. Results are discussed in light of the combined possible effects of cultural dimensions and individual variables

Avoidant Attachment, Withdrawal-Aggression Conflict Pattern, and Relationship Satisfaction: A Mediational Dyadic Model

This study was conducted with the purpose of analyzing the combined and mediating effect of actor's withdrawal-partner's demand conflict resolution strategies between avoidance attachment dimension and relationship satisfaction. We conducted a dyadic study with 175 heterosexual couples (aged between 18 and 72 years) who filled in the questionnaires. Six hypotheses were tested using the actor-partner interdependence model with mediation analysis (APIMeM). Results showed that the avoidance dimension of attachment was more strongly associated with actor's withdrawal strategy than with demand/aggression strategy. Furthermore, avoidance attachment was negatively associated with both actor's and partner's relationship satisfaction, the actor effect being higher. Withdrawal strategy was a mediator between actor's avoidance and actor's relationship satisfaction, but it was not a mediator for partner's relationship satisfaction. The interactive pattern of actor's withdrawal-partner's demand/aggression was associated with low levels of both actor's and partner's relationship satisfaction. These results point out to the need of discerning the interactive pattern of conflict-solving strategies as well as their intertwined effect on relationship satisfaction.This research was supported by a predoctoral grant from the Education Department of the Basque Government (PRE_2016_1_0138) awarded to IB under IA-A's supervision, two grants by Basque Government Research Groups ("Culture, Cognition, and Emotion" Consolidated Group, IT1187-19 and IT1598-22), and a grant by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation ("Culture, coping, and emotional regulation: well-being and community coping"; PID2020-115738GB-I0)

Programa de intervención psicológica con árbitros de fútbol

In this paper, we describe the Intervention Programme on Psycohological Abilities in Refereeing (PIHPA) with the participation of soccer referees from the third division Valencia and Basque Association of Referees. The programme consisted of 8 group sessions, complemented by other individual initiatives, where the following skills were developed: motivation, emotional control, self-confidence, concentration, and communication. The aims were as follows: to familiarize the referees with basic psychological skills, to help them learn how to use them, apply them in their work, and improve on them. In their evaluation of the programme, the referees that took part showed a high degree of overall satisfaction, perceiving the course content to be useful in the long run and acknowledging the need to continue with this type of training in the future. In the paper, a discussion is made of the most relevant contributions and the difficulties that were encountered

“I can't escape!”: Avoidantly attached individuals' conflict resolution and relationship satisfaction before and during the COVID-19 lockdown

Increased time spent together and the lockdown resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic may have created new scenarios for marital conflict. We analyzed how home confinement affects avoidantly attached individuals': (a) resolution strategies to cope with couple conflict, (b) perception of partner's resolution strategies, and (c) overall relationship satisfaction. The sample comprised 549 individuals, divided into two subsamples: (a) the confined group, individuals confined with their partners (n = 275); and (b) the comparison group, coupled individuals from a dataset collected before the pandemic (n = 274). Results indicate that the proposed model works in different contexts (non-confinement and confinement situations), but there are some significant differences in the magnitude of some of the relationships between the variables, being stronger in the confinement group than in the comparison group. In the confined group, in individuals with avoidant attachment, withdrawal was associated with lower relationship satisfaction and a higher demand partner perceived to a higher extent than in the comparison group. This might explain the lower satisfaction with the relationship of the confined group. The different conflict resolution strategies of the couple mediated between avoidant attachment and relationship satisfaction in both groups (confined and comparison). It is concluded that individuals' attachment orientation is a key factor in how individuals experienced their close relationships during the confinement.This research was funded by the a pre-doctoral grant from the Education Department of the Basque Government (PRE_2016_1_0138) awarded to the first author under the second author's supervision, grant by the Basque Government Research Groups (“Culture, Cognition, and Emotion” Consolidated Group; IT-1598-22), two grants by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (PID2020-115738GB-I0 and PID2020-116658GB-I00, funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/); and by a grant awarded by the Regional Government of Castilla y León (Spain) to the Social Inclusion and Quality of Life research group (2019/00184/001)

Aggressiveness in Adopted and Non-Adopted Teens: The Role of Parenting, Attachment Security, and Gender

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship among aggressiveness, parenting practices, and attachment security in adolescents, assessing maternal and paternal effects separately. Two different subsamples of adolescents between 12 and 16 years old participated in the study (n = 157): 67 adopted adolescents (61.2% girls) and 90 non-adopted adolescents (56.7% girls). Partial and full mediation models were analyzed in multi-group structural equation models (using maximum likelihood estimates), allocating non-adoptive and adoptive adolescents into two different groups. Results showed that whereas acceptance/involvement of each parent predicted attachment security towards the corresponding parental figure, only the father’s coercion/imposition predicted aggressiveness, and only attachment security to the mother was a (negative) predictor of adolescent’s aggressiveness. The partial mediation model provided the most parsimonious explanation for the data, showing no differences between adopted and non-adopted subsamples and supporting a good model fit for both boys and girls in a multi-group invariance analysis. The implications of these results are discussed in light of the protective effects of care relationships in early adolescence (vs. late adolescence) as well as the differential role of parent figures.This research was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitivity (PSI2012-35471), the Gipuzkoa Provincial Council (DG17/04), and the Basque Government Research Groups (‘Culture, Cognition, and Emotion’ Consolidated Group; IT1187-19)

Frecuencia de Participación en Encuentros Colectivos, Sincronía Emocional Percibida y Emociones de Trascendencia en una Muestra de Jóvenes de México

We examined the relationship between participation in collective gatherings, collective effervescence conceived as perceived emotional synchrony, and the intensity of the experience of three positive emotions of self-transcendence: awe, moral elevation, and feeling moved by love (kama muta), in a cross-sectional study with 372 Mexican adults. The correlations between these variables with each other and with the values and beliefs of transcendence were positive and significant in general. We performed multiple linear regression analyzes and a multiple serial mediation model to predict transcendence emotions, incorporating the predictor variables. We discussed the results and their practical implications and limitations of the study.Examinamos la relación entre la participación en encuentros colectivos, la efervescencia colectiva concebida como sincronía emocional percibida (SEP) y la intensidad de la vivencia de tres emociones positivas de autotrascendencia (ET): asombro maravillado (awe), inspiración moral (moral elevation) y sentirse conmovido por amor (kama muta), en un estudio transversal con 372 adultos mexicanos. Las correlaciones entre estas variables entre sí y con los valores y creencias de trascendencia fueron positivas y significativas en general. Se realizaron análisis de regresión lineal múltiple y un modelo de mediación serial múltiple para predecir las emociones de trascendencia incorporando las variables predictoras. Se discuten los resultados y sus implicaciones prácticas y las limitaciones del estudio

Somatisation in primary care: experiences of primary care physicians involved in a training program and in a randomised controlled trial

Background: A new intervention aimed at managing patients with medically unexplained symptoms (MUS) based on a specific set of communication techniques was developed, and tested in a cluster randomised clinical trial. Due to the modest results obtained and in order to improve our intervention we need to know the GPs' attitudes towards patients with MUS, their experience, expectations and the utility of the communication techniques we proposed and the feasibility of implementing them. Physicians who took part in 2 different training programs and in a randomised controlled trial (RCT) for patients with MUS were questioned to ascertain the reasons for the doctors' participation in the trial and the attitudes, experiences and expectations of GPs about the intervention. Methods: A qualitative study based on four focus groups with GPs who took part in a RCT. A content analysis was carried out. Results: Following the RCT patients are perceived as true suffering persons, and the relationship with them has improved in GPs of both groups. GPs mostly valued the fact that it is highly structured, that it made possible a more comfortable relationship and that it could be applied to a broad spectrum of patients with psychosocial problems. Nevertheless, all participants consider that change in patients is necessary; GPs in the intervention group remarked that that is extremely difficult to achieve. Conclusion: GPs positively evaluate the communication techniques and the interventions that help in understanding patient suffering, and express the enormous difficulties in handling change in patients. These findings provide information on the direction in which efforts for improving intervention should be directed.Funded by the Preventive Services and Health Promotion Research Network (redIAPP 603/170) and by the Health Research Fund (Grant 00/0854) from the Carlos III Institute of Health, Ministry of Health (Madrid, Spain)