Nuevas empresas, nuevos consejos

En las últimas décadas, se ha entendido que los consejeros son a la vez protectores de los intereses de los accionistas y proveedores de recursos, información y consejo a los gestores. sin embargo, esto ya no es suficient

Creencia religiosa y conciencia errónea según Pierre Bayle

Durante siglos, se consideró un deber del buen cristiano obligar, a todos los hombres a entrar en el seno de la Iglesia (compelle intrare), puesto que de ello dependía su salvación eterna. Esta doctrina presupone que existe una nítida diferencia entre verdad religiosa y error. Para Bayle, sin embargo, la creencia religiosa solo puede aspirar a convertirse en una verdad putativa, sustentada en la convicción subjetiva del fiel, concepción que le permite desdibujar el propio concepto de herejía y criticar las persecuciones religiosas de su tiempo.For centuries it was considered a Christian moral duty to compel everyone to join the Church (compelle intrare), as their salvation depended upon it. This concept of duty presupposes a clear distinction between religious truth and error. For Pierre Bayle, however, religious belief can only be considered a putative truth, sustained by the subjective conviction of the believer. This approach allows Bayle to soften the concept of heresy and to criticize the religious persecutions of his time

Creencia religiosa y conciencia errónea según Pierre Bayle

Durante siglos, se consideró un deber del buen cristiano obligar, a todos los hombres a entrar en el seno de la Iglesia (compelle intrare), puesto que de ello dependía su salvación eterna. Esta doctrina presupone que existe una nítida diferencia entre verdad religiosa y error. Para Bayle, sin embargo, la creencia religiosa solo puede aspirar a convertirse en una verdad putativa, sustentada en la convicción subjetiva del fiel, concepción que le permite desdibujar el propio concepto de herejía y criticar las persecuciones religiosas de su tiempo.For centuries it was considered a Christian moral duty to compel everyone to join the Church (compelle intrare), as their salvation depended upon it. This concept of duty presupposes a clear distinction between religious truth and error. For Pierre Bayle, however, religious belief can only be considered a putative truth, sustained by the subjective conviction of the believer. This approach allows Bayle to soften the concept of heresy and to criticize the religious persecutions of his time

El Sexting no siempre es deseado: consecuencias sobre la satisfacción y el papel de la coerción sexual y la victimización sexual en línea

The understanding of sexting as a new form of interpersonal communication is increasing; however, little is known about whether the incidence, correlates, and outcomes of sexting vary depending on whether such behavior is done willingly or not. In this non-experimental study, we aimed to investigate the prevalence, predictors, and consequences of sexting among 310 Spanish young adults, who completed an online survey re-garding their previous experiences of wanted and unwanted sexting behav-iors, their sexual coercion and online sexual victimization experiences, and their levels of sexual and life satisfaction. The results showed that more than half and one third of the sample had been involved in wanted and unwanted sexting behaviors, respectively. Additionally, sexual coercion and online sexual victimization predicted a higher probability of engaging in unwanted sexual behaviors and, with that, a decrease of life satisfaction. Finally, having experienced more instances of sexual coercion was associated with lower life satisfaction by increasing the likelihood of suffering online sexual victimization experiences and engaging in additional unwanted sexting behaviors. Our findings show the importance of discerning between wanted and unwanted sexting and how doing so differently conditions the predictors and consequences of this phenomena.La comprensión del sexting como una nueva forma de comunicación interpersonal es cada vez mayor; sin embargo, poco se sabe sobre si la incidencia, correlatos y resultados del sexting varían en función de si se realiza de forma voluntaria o no. En este estudio no experimental, nos proponemos investigar la prevalencia, los predictores y las consecuencias del sexting entre 310 jóvenes españoles, que completaron una encuesta online sobre sus experiencias previas de sexting deseado y no deseado, coerción sexual y victimización sexual online, así como sus niveles de satisfacción sexual y vital. Los resultados mostraron que la mitad y un tercio de la muestra habían estado involucrados en comportamientos de sexting deseados y no deseados, respectivamente. Además, la coerción sexual y la victimización sexual online predijeron una mayor probabilidad de participar en conductas sexuales no deseadas y, con ello, una disminución de la satisfacción vital. Por último, haber experimentado mayor coerción sexual se asoció con menor satisfacción vital al aumentar la probabilidad de sufrir victimización sexual online y de participar en conductas adicionales de sexting no deseado. Nuestros hallazgos muestran la importancia de discernir entre el sexting deseado y el no deseado y cómo el hacerlo de forma diferente condiciona los predictores y las consecuencias de este fenómeno

Are the defined substrate-based methods adequate to determine the microbiological quality of natural recreational waters?

Monitoring the microbiological quality of water used for recreational activities is very important to human public health. Although the sanitary quality of recreational marine waters could be evaluated by standard methods, they are time-consuming and need confirmation. For these reasons, faster and more sensitive methods, such as the defined substrate-based technology, have been developed. In the present work, we have compared the standard method of membrane filtration using Tergitol-TTC agar for total coliforms and Escherichia coli, and Slanetz and Bartley agar for enterococci, and the IDEXX defined substrate technology for these faecal pollution indicators to determine the microbiological quality of natural recreational waters. ISO 17994: 2004 standard was used to compare these methods. The IDEXX for total coliforms and E. coli, Colilert (R), showed higher values than those obtained by the standard method. Enterolert (R) test, for the enumeration of enterococci, showed lower values when compared with the standard method. It may be concluded that more studies to evaluate the precision and accuracy of the rapid tests are required in order to apply them for routine monitoring of marine and freshwater recreational bathing areas. The main advantages of these methods are that they are more specific, feasible and simpler than the standard methodology

Spongionella secondary metabolites protect mitochondrial function in cortical neurons against oxidative stress

Accepted: 8 January 2014 This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Acknowledgments The research leading to these results has received funding from the following FEDER cofunded-grants: From Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología, Spain: AGL2009-13581-CO2-01, AGL2012-40485-CO2-01. From Xunta de Galicia, Spain: 10PXIB261254 PR. From the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme managed by REA—Research Executive Agency (FP7/2007–2013) under grant agreement Nos. 265896 BAMMBO, 265409 µAQUA, and 262649 BEADS, 315285 CIGUATOOLS and 312184 PHARMASEA. From the Atlantic Area Programme (Interreg IVB Trans-national): 2009-1/117 Pharmatlantic. MER thanks the Government of the Arab Republic of Egypt for a PhD Scholarship. MJ thanks the Scottish University Life Science Alliance which provided funding to set up the compound library.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Oncolytic Adenoviruses and Immunopeptidomics: A Convenient Marriage

Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are biological therapeutic agents that selectively destroy cancer cells while sparing normal healthy cells. Besides direct oncolysis, OV infection induces a proinflammatory shift in the tumor microenvironment and the release of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) that might induce an anti-tumor immunity. Due to their immunostimulatory effect, OVs have been explored for cancer vaccination against specific TAAs. However, this approach usually requires genetic modification of the virus and the production of a new viral vector for each target, which is difficult to implement for low prevalent antigens. In a recent study, Chiaro et al. presented an elegant proof of concept on how to implement the PeptiCRAd vaccination platform to overcome this limitation for the treatment of mesothelioma. Authors showed the feasibility of identifying immunogenic TAAs in human mesothelioma and using them to coat oncolytic adenovirus particles. The result was a customized virus-based cancer vaccine that circumvents time and resource-consuming steps incurred from genetically engineering viruses. Although some questions remain to be addressed, this interesting approach suggests novel strategies for personalized cancer medicine using oncolytic virotherapy

Setting priorities in clinical and health services research: properties of an adapted and updated method

Objectives: the objectives of this study is to review the set of criteria of the Institute of Medicine (IOM) for priority-setting in research with addition of new criteria if necessary, and to develop and evaluate the reliability and validity of the final priority score. Methods: based on the evaluation of 199 research topics, forty-five experts identified additional criteria for priority-setting, rated their relevance, and ranked and weighted them in a three-round modified Delphi technique. A final priority score was developed and evaluated. Internal consistency, test-retest and inter-rater reliability were assessed. Correlation with experts' overall qualitative topic ratings were assessed as an approximation to validity. Results: all seven original IOM criteria were considered relevant and two new criteria were added ('potential for translation into practice', and 'need for knowledge'). Final ranks and relative weights differed from those of the original IOM criteria: 'research impact on health outcomes' was considered the most important criterion (4.23), as opposed to 'burden of disease' (3.92). Cronbach's alpha (0.75) and test-retest stability (interclass correlation coefficient = 0.66) for the final set of criteria were acceptable. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for overall assessment of priority was 0.66. Conclusions: a reliable instrument for prioritizing topics in clinical and health services research has been developed. Further evaluation of its validity and impact on selecting research topics is required

Artrosis vertebral en la población de La Encantada (Granátula de Calatrava, Ciudad Real, II milenio a. C.)

X Congreso Nacional de Paleopatología. Univesidad Autónoma de Madrid, septiembre de 200