Evidências da Vulnerabilidade Ambiental do Comércio entre a China e Países Latino-Americanos Selecionados (2000-2011) : os casos de Argentina, Brasil, Chile e Peru

Se por um lado o comércio internacional pode gerar ganhos econômicos, por outro, tem o potencial de exercer pressão sobre o meio ambiente, principalmente se for baseado na exploração intensiva de recursos naturais. No caso dos países da América Latina, que são reconhecidamente grandes exportadores de "commodities" baseadas em recursos naturais, a crescente demanda chinesa por este tipo de "commodities" representa um "trade-off". Enquanto que pela ótica econômica fortalecer as relações comerciais com a China pode favorecer ganhos (econômicos), pela ótica ambiental pode estimular a especialização na produção e exportação de recursos naturais. Este estudo fornece evidências empíricas sobre a vulnerabilidade ambiental do comércio bilateral da Argentina, do Brasil, do Chile e do Peru com a China, no período de 2000 a 2011. Os resultados, de acordo com a metodologia utilizada, revelam uma clara tendência de aumento das pressões ambientais durante todo o período analisado nesses países latino-americanos selecionados. De fato, tal padrão exportador revela-se potencialmente insustentável no longo prazo, principalmente no que tange à escala de exploração dos recursos naturais. Portanto, isso implica dizer que Argentina, Brasil, Chile e Peru seguem uma trajetória divergente de um modelo de desenvolvimento sustentável.Whether international trade can generate economic gains on one hand, on the other, it has the potential to put pressure on the environment, especially when it is based on intensive exploitation of natural resources. In the case of Latin American countries, which are recognized as great exporters of commodities based on natural resources, the growing of China's demand for these types of commodities represents a trade-off. While from an economic perspective, strengthening trade relations with China may support (economic) gains, from an environmental perspective this can stimulate specialization in production and exports of natural resources. Thereby, this paper provides empirical evidences from 2000 to 2011 about the environmental vulnerability of bilateral trade between Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Peru with China. The results found here, according to the methodology used, reveal a clear increasing trend of environmental pressure in these selected Latin American countries during the period analyzed. Indeed, such export pattern proves to be potentially unsustainable in the long run, especially with regard to the scale of natural resources use. Therefore, this implies that Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Peru are following on a divergent path from a sustainable development model

Application of a Dot Blot Hybridization Platform to Assess Streptococcus uberis Population Structure in Dairy Herds

Streptococcus uberis is considered one of the most important pathogens associated with bovine mastitis. While traditionally acknowledged as an environmental pathogen, S. uberis has been shown to adopt a contagious epidemiological pattern in several dairy herds. Since different control strategies are employed depending on the mode of transmission, in-depth studies of S. uberis populations are essential to determine the best practices to control this pathogen. In this work, we optimized and validated a dot blot platform, combined with automatic image analysis, to rapidly assess the population structure of infective S. uberis, and evaluated its efficiency when compared to multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) genotyping. Two dairy herds with prevalent S. uberis infections were followed in a 6 month period, in order to collect and characterize isolates from cows with persistent infections. These herds, located in Portugal (Barcelos and Maia regions), had similar management practices, with the herd from Barcelos being smaller and having a better milking parlor management, since infected cow segregation was immediate. A total of 54 S. uberis isolates were obtained from 24 different cows from the two herds. To overcome operator-dependent analysis of the dot blots and increase the technique's consistency and reliability, the hybridization signals were converted into probability values, with average probabilities higher than 0.5 being considered positive results. These data allowed to confirm the isolates' identity as S. uberis using taxa-specific markers and to determine the presence of virulence- and antibiotic resistance-related genes. In addition, MLSA allowed to disclose the most prevalent S. uberis clonal lineages in both herds. Seven different clusters were identified, with Barcelos showing a high clonal diversity and Maia a dominant lineage infecting most cows, suggesting distinct epidemiological patterns, with S. uberis displaying an environmental or contagious transmission pattern depending on the herd. Overall, this work showed the utility of dot blot and MLSA to characterize population structure and epidemiological patterns of mastitis-causing S. uberis. This approach allowed to disclose prevalent virulence patterns and clonal lineages of S. uberis in two distinct herds, and gain insights on the impact of herd management practices on pathogen population structure.PA was supported by the project “Genomics Applied to Genetic Resources” co-financed by North Portugal Regional Operational Programme 2007/2013 (ON.2—O Novo Norte), under the National Strategic Reference Framework (NSRF), through the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). The authors would like to thank SEGALAB (Laboratório de Sanidade Animal e Segurança Alimentar, S.A.), for providing the bacterial isolates used in this study

Ethyl 2-[(carbamothioyl­amino)­imino]­propano­ate

The title compound, C6H11N3O2S, consists of a roughly planar mol­ecule (r.m.s deviation from planarity = 0.077 Å for the non-H atoms) and has the S atom in an anti position to the imine N atom. This N atom is the acceptor of a strongly bent inter­nal N—H⋯N hydrogen bond donated by the amino group. In the crystal, mol­ecules are arranged in undulating layers parallel to (010). The mol­ecules are linked via inter­molecular amino–carboxyl N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming chains parallel to [001]. The chains are cross-linked by Ncarbazone—H⋯S and C—H⋯S inter­actions, forming infinite sheets

Ethyl 2-[(carbamoyl­amino)­imino]­propano­ate hemihydrate

The title compound, C6H11N3O3·0.5H2O, has two independent mol­ecules and one mol­ecule of water in the asymmetric unit. The crystal packing is stabilized by inter­molecular N—H⋯N, O—H⋯O, N—H⋯O and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. These inter­actions form a two-dimensional array in the ab plane with a zigzag motif which has an angle close to 35° between the zigzag planes. The hydrogen bonding can be best described using the graph-set notation as N 1 = C(10)R 2 2(10)R 2 2(8) and N 2 = R 6 4(20)R 2 2(8)

Preemptive analgesia – evaluation of the effect of paracetamol and dipyrone after tooth whitening

To evaluate the effect of preemptive analgesia of paracetamol and dipyrone in vital teeth professionally whitened in office. Material and methods: This was a pilot study of a blinded, paired sample, randomized clinical trial. Twenty volunteers requiring dental whitening, received, after the randomization, one of the formulations under study, one hour before the procedure: paracetamol 500 mg or dipyrone 500 mg as preemptive medications. Data collection was conducted by using two instruments: a record of research evaluation and visual analog scale (VAS), in which the patient was asked to score a value to the pain experienced before, during, 1 hour and 6 hours after the whitening procedure. Results: Most participants were female (75 %), of the age group between 18 and 27 years (75%). During the measurement of pain at pre- and trans-operative periods, VAS showed no statistically significant differences. At the post-operative period, immediately after, one and 6 hours after, clinically and statistically significant differences were observed, thus evidencing the superiority of treatment with Dipyrone 500 mg over the treatment with paracetamol 500 mg (p = 0.042, p = 0.003 and 0.0017, respectively). Conclusion: Dipyrone 500 mg exhibited higher effectiveness than Paracetamol 500 mg in the study population, as a technique of preemptive analgesia in tooth whitening procedure

Estabelecimento inicial de mudas de Erythrina velutina Willd sob déficit hídrico: aspectos fisiológicos e bioquímicos

As espécies vegetais, para se estabelecerem e sobreviverem em regiões semiáridas como o domínio vegetal Caatinga necessitam apresentar versatilidade bioquímica. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar por meio de indicadores fisiológicos e bioquímicos a sensibilidade das sementes e mudas de Erythrina velutina Willd ao déficit hídrico, pois a referida espécie é usada na recuperação de áreas degradadas no semiárido brasileiro. As sementes foram submetidas a cinco potenciais osmóticos (-0,1; -0,2; -0,3, -0,4 e -0,5 MPa), avaliando-se a porcentagem de germinação (plântulas normais), o índice de velocidade de germinação, o comprimento da parte aérea e do sistema radicular, a massa seca total, a concentração de pigmentos fotossintéticos (clorofilas a, b e carotenoides) na parte aérea e no sistema radicular, carboidratos e proteínas solúveis, prolina e as enzimas ascorbato peroxidase, catalase, superóxido dismutase, peroxidase e polyphenoloxidase. O déficit hídrico reduziu o índice de velocidade e a porcentagem de germinação, o comprimento da parte aérea e da raiz, a massa seca da parte aérea e da raiz, o teor de pigmentos fotossintéticos nas plântulas; entretanto, houve aumento dos níveis de carboidrato total, prolina, proteína e redução da superóxido dismutase. O potencial hídrico a partir de -0,4 MPa é fator limitante para o processo de formação de plântulas e ou mudas. A semeadura direta de E. velutina só seria indicada até o potencial de -0,3 MPa para a regeneração de áreas degradadas em regiões semiáridas. A espécie na fase de formação de plântulas apresenta menor plasticidade bioquímica de superar condições limitantes de disponibilidade hídrica.For plant species to establish and survive in semiarid regions, such as the Caatinga plant domain, they need to present biochemical versatility. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate through physiological and biochemical indicators the sensitivity of seeds and seedlings of Erythrina velutina Willd to water deficit, as this species is used in the recovery of degraded areas in the Brazilian semiarid region. The seeds were submitted to five osmotic potentials (-0.1; -0.2; -0.3; -0.4; and -0.5 MPa), evaluating the percentage of germination (normal seedlings), germination speed index, length of aerial parts and root system, total dry mass, the concentration of photosynthetic pigments (chlorophylls a, b, and carotenoids) in aerial parts and root system, soluble carbohydrates and proteins, proline, and the enzymes ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and polyphenoloxidase. The water deficit reduced the germination speed index and percentage, aerial parts and root length, aerial parts and root dry mass, and photosynthetic pigment content in seedlings; however, there was an increase in the levels of total carbohydrate, proline, and protein, and a reduction in superoxide dismutase. The water potential from -0,4 MPa was a limiting factor for the seedling and/or seedling formation process. The direct sowing of E. velutinawould only be indicated up to the potential of -0,3 MPa for the regeneration of degraded areas in semiarid regions. The species in the seedling formation stage present less biochemical plasticity to overcome limiting conditions of water availability

Anatomical, Cardiovascular, and Blood Gas Parameters in Dogs with Brachycephalic Syndrome

Background: Brachycephalic syndrome is characterized by increased airflow resistance in upper airways due to the combinations of anatomical deformities such as stenotic nares, elongated soft palate, everted laryngeal saccules, and tracheal hypoplasia. There is little information in recent literature about assessment of anatomical, cardiovascular, and blood gases’ parameters of these animals at early stages of the syndrome. The purpose of this study was to characterize and to compare anatomical, cardiovascular, and blood gases’ parameters in young brachycephalic or dolichocephalic and mesocephalic dogs.Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty brachycephalic dogs (BG) and 20 dolichocephalic and mesocephalic dogs (CG), aged up to 5 years, were included in the study. Anatomical abnormalities, systolic (SAP), mean (MAP), and diastolic (DAP) arterial blood pressure were recorded. Blood gas analysis and complete blood counts (CBC) were analyzed. Doppler echocardiography, electrocardiography, ambulatory electrocardiography, and thoracic and cervical radiographs were evaluated. The diameter of the nares in BG was lower when compared to CG (0.23 ± 0.08 versus 0.56 ± 0.05 cm, P < 0.001). The SaO2 was lower (P < 0.001) and MAP was higher in BG (P = 0.05). All brachycephalic dogs had sinus arrhythmia (SA), and 15 (75 %) of these showed SA higher than 20% variation  between adjacent RR intervals, whereas in CG, 17 (85%) of animals presented SA and 13 (65%) of these showed SA higher than 20 % variation between adjacent RR intervals. The smallest opening of the nostril, in brachycephalic dogs, was accompanied by a lower SaO2 and higher MAP. Results of this study suggest that young brachycephalic dogs have lower SaO2 and higher MAP when compared with dolichocephalic and mesocephalic dogs.Discussion: The most relevant aspect of this survey was the confirmation that brachycephalic dogs have lower SaO2 and higher MAP when compared to non brachycephalic animals. Few studies correlate upper airway obstruction to cardiovascular and blood gas alterations. Although there were no significant differences between groups for PaO2 and AaDO2, the means for BG were lower and higher, respectively, than CG, showing that obstruction of airways may lead to lower PaO2 and higher AaDO2. In the present study, brachycephalic animals tended to have higher tHb, PCV, DAP, and MAP, and lower SaO2. Even with no significant differences between groups for tHb, PCV, and DAP, one can assume that young animals may not already have presented such alterations, but as the syndrome progresses, these types of abnormalities tend to develop. Hypoventilation results in significantly lower SaO2 in these animals, as observed in this study. All brachycephalic dogs in our study had SA and 2 (10%) showed sinus pauses of 4 s and 6 s duration, which demonstrates a stimulated vagal tone. The percentage of cervical soft tissue (CST) in brachycephalic dogs was proposed in an attempt to objectively measure the soft tissue concentrated in the neck region of these animals, which may be considered a risk factor for development of the syndrome. The CST percentage was higher in BG, probably due to the increased amount of adipose tissue in the neck of these animals, fact that can contribute to an increase in tracheal pressure and vascular resistance in the region. Therefore, alterations of brachycephalic syndrome result in significant cardiovascular and blood gas abnormalities in young brachycephalic dogs, as higher MAP and lower SaO2

1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazole compounds induce ultrastructural alterations in leishmania amazonensis promastigote: An in vitro antileishmanial and in silico pharmacokinetic study

Funding Information: This research was funded by the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior do Brazil; CAPES) grant number Finance Code 001; and the Carlos Chagas Filho Foundation for Research Support of the State of Rio de Janeiro (Fundacao Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro; FAPERJ) grant number E-26/010.001759/2019. The APC was funded by the Oswaldo Cruz Institute (Instituto Oswaldo Cruz; IOC). Dr. Fernando Almeida-Souza is a postdoctoral researcher fellow of CAPES grant number 88887.363006/2019-00. Dra. Ana Lucia Abreu-Silva is a research productivity fellow of National Scientific and Technological Development Council (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico; CNPq) grant number 309885/2017-5.The current standard treatment for leishmaniasis has remained the same for over 100 years, despite inducing several adverse effects and increasing cases of resistance. In this study we evaluated the in vitro antileishmanial activity of 1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3 triazole compounds and carried out in silico predictive study of their pharmacokinetic and toxicity properties. Ten compounds were analyzed, with compound 6 notably presenting IC50: 14.64 ± 4.392 µM against promastigotes, IC50: 17.78 ± 3.257 µM against intracellular amastigotes, CC50: 547.88 ± 3.256 µM against BALB/c peritoneal macrophages, and 30.81-fold selectivity for the parasite over the cells. It also resulted in a remarkable decrease in all the parameters of in vitro infection. Ultrastructural analysis revealed lipid corpuscles, a nucleus with discontinuity of the nuclear membrane, a change in nuclear chromatin, and kinetoplast swelling with breakdown of the mitochondrial cristae and electron-density loss induced by 1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazole treatment. In addition, compound 6 enhanced 2.3-fold the nitrite levels in the Leishmania-stimulated macrophages. In silico pharmacokinetic prediction of compound 6 revealed that it is not recommended for topical formulation cutaneous leishmaniasis treatment, however the other properties exhibited results that were similar or even better than miltefosine, making it a good candidate for further in vivo studies against Leishmania parasites.publishersversionpublishe

Percepções de estudantes de medicina e de mentores sobre um programa de tutoria (mentoring) desenvolvido em grupos

Entering medical school can be associated with a number of difficulties that can hinder students' performance. Mentoring programs are designed to help students circumvent difficulties and improve their learning and personal development. The current study aimed to evaluate the perceptions of both students and mentors regarding a recently introduced, group-based mentoring program designed to support first-year students. After one year of regular meetings, students and mentors' perceptions of the program were assessed by means of structured questionnaires. Response content categories were identified through multiple readings. Both regular attendees and non-participating students had positive opinions about the program. Mentors were highly satisfied at having participated and acknowledged that the program has been useful not only for assisting students, but also for fostering their own personal and professional development. In conclusion, the group-based mentoring program is feasible and can elicit positive views from both mentors and students. In addition, faculty members' participation as mentors can also be beneficial, since the program appears to contribute to their own personal and professional developmentO ingressante na escola médica pode encontrar dificuldades variadas, que afetam seu desempenho. Programas de apoio com mentores podem servir para auxiliar os estudantes e favorecer seu desenvolvimento pessoal e acadêmico. Neste trabalho avaliamos as percepções de estudantes e de mentores sobre um programa de apoio baseado em grupos e planejado para apoiar estudantes ingressantes. Após um ano de funcionamento regular do programa, as percepções dos estudantes e dos mentores sobre o programa foram avaliadas utilizando questionários estruturados, cuja análise permitiu estabelecer categorias de conteúdo das respostas. Tanto os estudantes que participaram regularmente do programa, como os que não haviam participado expressaram opiniões positivas sobre o programa. Os mentores expressaram alto grau de satisfação em participar do programa e opinaram que o programa vem sendo útil também para auxiliar na formação docente. Concluímos que o programa de apoio ao estudante ingressante, baseado em grupos que operam ao redor de mentores, é viável e efetivo no auxílio ao estudante e pode também contribuir para a formação e o desenvolvimento dos docentes e médicos que participam como mentore

Development, economic viability and attributes of lamb carcass from confined animals fed on different amounts of crude glycerin

<p>The current study aims to assess the effect from crude glycerin inclusion (0, 7, 14, and 21% dry matter) in the diet of slaughtered lamb on their development, nutrient consumption, biometrical measures, diet economic viability and carcass features. Thirty two (32) non-castrated male Texel lambs were used in the study, they presented mean initial weight 15.9 ± 4.1 kilos and were distributed in casual outlining. They were fed with four treatments, with 8 repetitions. Animals were slaughtered when they reached approximately 35 kilos. The mean total weight gain was 20.72 kilos and mean daily weight gain was 260 grams. No changes resulted from glycerin use. The carcass performance was similar among treatments (P&gt;0.05) and the cold carcass performance (CCP) was 44.68%. There were no effects (P&gt;0.05) on the loin eye area (LEA) and on fat thickness (FT); they showed averages of 13.66 cm2 and 0.84 mm, respectively. Nutrition cost per animal during the whole confinement period varied between R$82.60 (eighty-two Reais and forty-eight cents) to R$92.48. The smallest nutrition amount consisted of 21% crude glycerin. The gross profit ranged from R$30.75 to R$ 34.01 per animal, for feed without glycerin and 21% glycerin, respectively. Animal development was not impacted by glycerin introduction, even with decrease on dry and organic mass consumption. The result showed that crude glycerin inclusion might be used in lambs’ diet. Whenever there are big amounts of feed involved in the process, the 21% crude glycerin addition may be an interesting cost reduction. Seventy eight percent (78%) glycerol crude glycerin to replace corn-based feed in confined lambs’ diet appeared to be nutritionally and economically viable.</p><p><strong> </strong></p