Are mass-media campaigns effective in preventing drug use? A Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether there is evidence that mass-media campaigns can be effective in reducing illicit drug consumption and the intent to consume. DESIGN: Systematic review of randomised and non-randomised studies. METHODS: We searched four electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, ProQuest Dissertations & Theses A&I and CENTRAL) and further explored seven additional resources to obtain both published and unpublished materials. We appraised the quality of included studies using standardised tools. We carried out meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials and a pooled analysis of interrupted time-series and controlled before-and-after studies. RESULTS: We identified 19 studies comprising 184,811 participants. Pooled analyses and narrative synthesis provided mixed evidence of effectiveness. Eight interventions evaluated with randomised controlled trials leaned towards no evidence of an effect, both on drug use (standardised mean difference (SMD) -0.02; 95% CI -0.15 to 0.12) and the intention to use drugs (SMD -0.07; 95% CI -0.19 to 0.04). Four campaigns provided some evidence of beneficial effects in preventing drug use and two interventions provided evidence of iatrogenic effects. CONCLUSIONS: Studies were considerably heterogeneous in type of mass-media intervention, outcome measures, underlying theory, comparison groups and design. Such factors can contribute to explaining the observed variability in results. Owing to the risk of adverse effects, caution is needed in disseminating mass-media campaigns tackling drug use. Large studies conducted with appropriate methodology are warranted to consolidate the evidence base

Rich methane laminar flames doped with light unsaturated hydrocarbons. Part II: 1,3butadiene

In line with the study presented in the part I of this paper, the structure of a laminar rich premixed methane flame doped with 1,3-butadiene has been investigated. The flame contains 20.7% (molar) of methane, 31.4% of oxygen and 3.3% of 1,3-butadiene, corresponding to an equivalence ratio of 1.8, and a ratio C4H6 / CH4 of 16 %. The flame has been stabilized on a burner at a pressure of 6.7 kPa using argon as dilutant, with a gas velocity at the burner of 36 cm/s at 333 K. The temperature ranged from 600 K close to the burner up to 2150 K. Quantified species included usual methane C0-C2 combustion products and 1,3-butadiene, but also propyne, allene, propene, propane, 1,2-butadiene, butynes, vinylacetylene, diacetylene, 1,3-pentadiene, 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene (isoprene), 1-pentene, 3-methyl-1-butene, benzene and toluene. In order to model these new results, some improvements have been made to a mechanism previously developed in our laboratory for the reactions of C3-C4 unsaturated hydrocarbons. The main reaction pathways of consumption of 1,3-butadiene and of formation of C6 aromatic species have been derived from flow rate analyses. In this case, the C4 route to benzene formation plays an important role in comparison to the C3 pathway

Prognostic sub-classification of intermediate-stage hepatocellular carcinoma: a multicenter cohort study with propensity score analysis

There is significant heterogeneity in the clini- copathological characteristics of intermediate hepatocellu- lar carcinoma (IHCC). This also translates to treatment as transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) is used as first- line therapy for patients with IHCC; however, in Asia liver resection (LR) is preferred. Prognostic tools are required to help guide clinicians in deciding treatment options. This study evaluates the prognostic impact of the Intermediate Stage Score (ISS) on overall survival (OS) in a large, multicenter cohort study of patients with IHCC treated with TACE or surgery LR. Consecutive patients from centers in Japan, Korea, Italy and the United Kingdom who under- went TACE or LR between 2001 and 2015 were enrolled. Propensity score (PS) adjustment was used to remove residual confounding and applied to LR (n=162) and TACE ( n = 449) to determine the prognostic significance of ISS. Among 611 patients, 75 % were men and 25 % women, with a mean age of 70 years. ISS is a valid prognostic tool in the BCLC-B population with a median OS ISS 1–51, 2–38.3, 3–24.3, 4–15.6, 5–16 months ( p \ 0.0001). ISS was analyzed within each treatment modality, and this was a valid prognostic score among those treated with TACE and LR ( p \ 0.001 vs. p = 0.008). In the PS-adjusted model, ISS retained its prognostic utility in TACE and LR groups (p\0.001 vs.p=0.007). ISS optimizes prognostic prediction in IHCC, reducing clinical heterogeneity, and is a useful tool for patients treated for TACE or LR

Inequalities in effective Access to Obstetric Care in Chad

This paper aims to fill the gap in the literature regarding the inequalities in effective access to obstetric care in Chad by introducing the decomposition of antenatal care (ANC) consultation in a comprehensive model of obstetric care. The methodology used is the regression decomposition approach in additional to the Probit and negative Binomial Law. The results show that there are significant factors of inequality in effective access to obstetric care. The factors that contribute most to these inequalities are the income of women’s well-being, place of residence and level of education. Combating income inequality, promoting equitable education, and subsidizing transport resources can make the health care system more equitable and significantly reduce unfair inequalities in access to obstetric care. Based on the findings of this study, we propose areas for future research. For instance, it would be interesting to examine women's treatment pathways in their health seeking behaviour. This will make it possible to see women's preference in effective access to obstetric care in Chad

Recursos colectivos y protección de consumidores

Este análisis sobre la Directiva 2020/1828 y su transposición al ordenamiento español a través del Proyecto de Ley Orgánica sobre Acciones Colectivas busca explicar cómo incidirá la Directiva en España, como se ha realizado su transposición, así como permitir al lector tener una guía clara de cómo funcionará el nuevo procedimiento de acciones de representación, tanto de cesación como las resarcitorias, dando una contextualización necesaria sobre los retos en la defensa del consumidor y sus principales dificultades en la práctica judicial. Es importante tomar en consideración que este análisis se realizó sobre un Proyecto de Ley, por lo qué, habrá que estar a la normativa vigente cuando se apruebe. Este análisis permite identificar las principales semejanzas entre el modelo americano de Class Action y las acciones de representación que se instaurarán en Europa. De igual forma, permite reconocer las diferencias entre estas figuras cuando se produjo su importación a suelo europeo.Departamento de Derecho Mercantil, Derecho del Trabajo e Internacional PrivadoGrado en Derech

on the rapid discharge of subsea accumulators remarks on the normed design method and proposal of improvement

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