Identification of Cirrus over Wausau during the 1986 FIRE IFO from ground-based radiometer data

The potential of using irradiation data to indicate episodes of cirrus cloudiness during the daylight hours is explored. Thresholds separating cirrus from other clouds and clear skies are determined using four days of irradiation data, hourly weather observations, sky photographs, sky video, and occasional lidar observations. Data were gathered during the First International Satellite Cloud Climatology Program (ISCCP) Regional Experiment (FIRE) Intensive Field Observations (IFO) cirrus project. Thresholds are tested using data from the remaining 17 days of the IFO. Cirrus episodes are defined as intervals when the sky cover is primarily cirrus. Measurements of incoming shortwave and near infrared full hemispheric and diffuse irradiation, and atmospheric infrared irradiation were made at Wausau, Wisconsin Municipal Airport. Data were collected between October 13 and November 2, 1986 and are one minute averages of ten second samples. Data from October 23 and from October 27 to 29 were used for threshold determination. Using weather observations, lidar output, photographs and video, sky conditions were grouped into three categories: noncirrus cloudy, cirrus, and clear. Irradiation data from all periods falling under each of the sky categories were then examined and thresholds denoting a change from one sky category to another were determined. Variables with only a small amount of overlap between sky categories were selected as key indicators

Impact of cirrus on the surface radiative environment at the FIRE ETLA Palisades, NY site

FIRE Extended Time Limited Area (ETLA) observations provide year round information critical to gaining a better understanding of cloud/climate interactions. The Lamont/Rutgers team has participated in the ETLS program through the collection and analysis of shortwave and longwave downwelling irradiances at Palisades, NY. These data are providing useful information on surface radiative fluxes with respect to sky condition, solar zenith angle and season. Their utility extends to the calibration and validation of cloud/radiative models and satellite cloud and radiative retrievals. The impact cirrus clouds have on the surface radiative environment is examined using Palisades ETLA information on atmospheric transmissivities and downwelling longwave fluxes for winter and summer cirrus and clear sky episodes in 1987

Modelling The Tides Of The Southern Weddell Sea

Numerical modeUing presented in this thesis reproduces the tides of the Weddell Sea, a region where a significant proportion of a globally important water mass, Antarctic Bottom Water is generated. The presence of the Filchner and Ronne Ice Shelves in the southern Weddell Sea, and heavy pack ice conditions in the rest of the Weddell Sea have greatly restricted direct observations of the general oceanography. By producing tidal maps for the whole of the Weddell Sea which are in agreement with the available data, this study has contributed to the understanding of the general oceanography of this important region. In addition, the following conclusions can also be drawn. The presence of the ice shelves in the southern Weddell Sea has little effect upon the tides except for the reduction in water column thickness. This means that the value of the friction coefficient at the ice-ocean interface is no more important than the value of the friction coefficient at the sea floor. Ice shelf flexure at grounding lines has a significant but highly localised effect upon the tides, the effect not being seen at sites some distance from grounding lines. This suggests that ice shelf flexure is not a significant mechanism for tidal energy dissipation. The results from the tidal model were affected by changes to the water column, but indicated that given the correct bathymetry the model would produce accurate results. The model results also suggested that the most significant areas of tidal energy dissipation are the shallowest areas of the continental shelf. Because of the effect of the ice shelf on reducing the water column thickness this locates these areas on the continental shelf just “inshore” from the front of the Rorme Ice Shelf, though the continental shelf break was also significant

Lead Us Not : Linguistic and Exegetical Considerations for Translating the Sixth Petition of the Lord\u27s Prayer

In 2019, the Vatican announced a revision to the Italian translation of the Roman Missal, modifying the temptation petition of the Lord’s Prayer from “non ci indurre in tentazione” (“lead us not into temptation”) to “non abbandonarci alla tentazione” (“do not abandon us to temptation”). A formal, word-for-word rendering of the petition was substituted for a freer, more interpretive one. Though such a change seems insignificant, it stands at the heart of one of the most theologically contested passages in the New Testament, a passage which appears to contradict most scriptural teaching on temptation. This thesis probes the multiple problems present in the passage—such as the second person conjugation of the verb, the multiple possible definitions of “temptation,” and the scope of the verse’s negation—and argues that the orthodox interpretation of the petition neglects a key exegetical element: the Massah tradition of the Exodus narrative. This biblical tradition suggests that the individual being “tempted” in the Lord’s Prayer may not be the believing supplicant, but God himself

The genesis of cultivated choral tone in the United States (1906-1928): Peter C. Lutkin, F. Melius Christiansen, and John Finley Williamson

The purpose of this study was to chronicle the genesis of cultivated choral tone in the United States from 1906 to 1928. That transformation was led by three conductors whose disparate careers represented a shared trajectory. Individually and collectively, they pioneered two singing genres with European provenance--a cappella and senza vibrato singing--as early techniques to isolate and refine choral tone. Their work converged in 1928, when it expanded to become the American A Cappella Movement (1928-1938). The earliest of the three conductors was Peter C. Lutkin (1858-1931). After study in Europe, he became dean of the School of Music at Northwestern University. Through his publications and university a cappella choir, founded in 1906, he placed greater responsibility on singers, and employed diction and breath control to improve intonation and tonal purity. German-educated Norwegian-American F. Melius Christiansen (1871-1955) was guided by his experience as a violinist and influenced by the choir of St. Thomas Church, Leipzig, Germany. In 1907, he began to gradually transform the choir of St. John's Lutheran Church choir in Northfield, Minnesota. By 1920, his St. Olaf Lutheran Choir toured nationwide and eventually epitomized a choral prototype through his publications, compositions, ideology, and methods, both original and derivative. Self-reliant and confident, Christiansen championed Russian choral literature, symphonic form for programming, and self-referential choral singing. His "inner choir" technique, "instrumental" tuning for choirs, and "conductorless" onset of tone were widely imitated. Spiritual beliefs undergirded his work. Originally inspired by Christiansen, Ohioan John Finley Williamson (1887-1964), a trained singer, cultivated choral tone by recontextualizing solo vocal Lamperti technique into choral methods. In 1920, he modeled his ensemble's results via national tours with his Dayton Westminster Choir. By 1926, he co-founded a choir school in a Dayton church where he implemented his theory of the choral rehearsal as a class voice lesson. His unorthodox tenets included his belief that vowels were controlled by volume and phrase conducting, that vowel color was dictated by overtones, and that a conflict existed between time beating and "rhythmic magic" (or "pace")

Thermal circulation on a rotating sphere; with application to the oceanic thermocline

We consider the thermal boundary layer beneath the surface of a differentially heated fluid portion of a rotating sphere, i.e., a region in which thermal conductivity is important but viscosity is negligible. A general three-dimensional similarity transformation is performed, and features of the related temperature and flow fields are studied. It is found that an upwelling of cold water into the boundary layer region from below is always necessary, that horizontal advection of heat is relatively negligible, and that a strong relation exists between boundary layer depth and surface-forcing function. The solutions are examined for numbers characteristic of the main oceanic thermocline

Gas inflows towards the nucleus of NGC1358

We use optical spectra from the inner 1.8 $\times$ 2.5kpc$^2$ of the Seyfert 2 galaxy NGC1358, obtained with the GMOS integral field spectrograph on the Gemini South telescope at a spatial resolution of $\approx$ 165pc, to assess the feeding and feedback processes in this nearby active galaxy. Five gaseous kinematical components are observed in the emission line profiles. One of the components is present in the entire field-of-view and we interpret it as due to gas rotating in the disk of the galaxy. Three of the remaining components we interpret as associated to active galactic nucleus (AGN) feedback: a compact unresolved outflow in the inner 1 arcsec and two gas clouds observed at opposite sides of the nucleus, which we propose have been ejected in a previous AGN burst. The disk component velocity field is strongly disturbed by a large scale bar. The subtraction of a velocity model combining both rotation and bar flows reveals three kinematic nuclear spiral arms: two in inflow and one in outflow. We estimate the mass inflow rate in the inner 180pc obtaining $\dot{M}_{in}$ $\approx$ 1.5 $\times 10^{-2}$M$_{\odot}$yr$^{-1}$, about 160 times larger than the accretion rate necessary to power this AGN.Comment: 12 pages, 11 figures, accepted for publication in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1701.0086