A real-time prediction of UTC

The reference time scale for all scientific and technologic applications on the Earth, the Universal Coordinated Time (UTC), must be as stable, reliable, and accurate as possible. With this in view the BIPM and before it the BIH, have always calculated and then disseminated UTC with a delay of about 80 days. There are three fundamental reasons for doing this: (1) It takes some weeks for data, gathered from some 200 clocks spread world-wide, to be collected and for errors to be eliminated; (2) changes in clock rates can only be measured with high precision well after the fact; and (3) the measurement noise originating in time links, in particular using Loran-C, is smoothed out only when averaging over an extended period. Until mid-1992, the ultimate stability of UTC was reached at averaging times of about 100 days and corresponded to an Allan deviation sigma(sub y)(tau) of about 1,5x10(exp -14) then compared to the best primary clock in the world, the PTB CS2. For several years now, a predicted UTC has been computed by the USNO through an extrapolation of the values as published in deferred time by the BIPM. This is made available through the USNO Series 4, through the USNO Automated Data Service, and through GPS signals. Due to the instability of UTC, the poor predictability of the available clocks, and the intentional SA degradation of GPS signals, the real-time access to this extrapolated UTC has represented the true deferred-time UTC only to within several hundreds of nanoseconds

Reduction spheroids from the Upper Carboniferous Hopewell Group, Dorchester Cape, New Brunswick: notes on geochemistry, mineralogy and genesis

The bajada-playa sequence of terrestrial Upper Carboniferous redbeds of the Hopewell Group at Dorchester Cape, New Brunswick, hosts innumerable reduction spheroids in fine- to coarse-grained clastic sedimentary rocks, paleosols and caliche beds. The spheroids are grey-green, typically 2 to 3 cm in diameter, and may contain a dark, mineralized central core and less commonly one or more mineralized rings, concentric about the core. They decrease progressively in average diameter from 2.75 cm at the base to 0.85 cm at the top of an overall upward-fining 250 m thick measured stratigraphic section. Conditions controlling the genesis of the spheroids were established shortly after sedimentation. Development was subtly controlled by groundwater flow patterns and by various sedimentary structures. The enclosing redbeds provide an adequate source for the metals contained in the mineralized spheroids. Low-temperature chloride complexes originating from evaporative fluids concentrated during redbed formation are believed to have been responsible for transport of the metals to reduction sites. Precipitation probably occurred as a result of a change in redox potential governed by electrical self-potentials of various detrital and early diagenetic grains, particularly pyritc and/or Fe-Ti oxides. Electron microprobc analyses reveal Cu, Ag, Fe, Ti, U, V and REE enrichments in reduction spheroid cores. Mineralized rings arc less enriched in these elements but contain slightly greater concentrations of Ti-oxide minerals. Minerals observed other than bulk redbed constituents include: chatcocite, covellitc, cuprite, pyritc, il-menite, rutile, mottramite, roscoelite, xenotime, monazite, native copper, azurite and native silver with trace amounts of alloyed Hg. RÉSUMÉ La séquence de bajadas-playas des formations rouges terrestres du Carbonifere supérieur du groupe de Hopewell à Dorchester Cape, Nouveau-Brunswick, abrite d'innombrables sphéroides de réduction dans des couches de caliche, dc paléosol et de sédiments clastiques à grain fin à gros. Les sphéroides sont de couleur gris-vert, its ont généralement 2 à 3 cm de diamètre et ils peuvent renfermer un noyau central minéralisé de teinte foncée de même que, moins couramment, un ou plusieurs anneaux minéralisés concentriques au noyau. Leur diamètre moyen diminuc graduellement, passant de 2,75 cm à la base a 0,85 cm au sommet d'une section stratigraphique à affinement généralement ascendant d'une épaisseur mesurée de 250 m. Les conditions ay ant régi l'origine des sphéroldes ont été établies peu après la sédimentation. Leur développement a été subtilement gouverné par les configurations d'écoulement des eaux souterraines ct par diverses structures sédimentaires. Les formations rouges encaissantes constituent une source adéquate des métaux que ren ferment les sphéroldes minéraliseés. On croit que les complexes chlorurés de basse température provenant des fluides volatils concentrés pendant la constitution des formations rouges ont causé le transport des métaux à des points de réduction. Des précipitations sont probablement survenucs par suite d'un changement du potentiel d'oxydor&Juction gouverné par les polarisations spontanées éiectriques de divers grains diagénétiques détritiques ct anciens, en particulier de la pyrite ou des oxydes de fer-titane. Les analyses par microsonde éiectronique révèlent des enrichissements de Cu, d'Ag, de Fe, de Ti, d'U, de V et d'éléments des terres rares dans les noyaux des sphéroldes de réduction. Les anneaux minéralisés renferment des proportions moindres de certains de ces éléments, mais des concentrations légèrement plus fortes d'oxyde dc titane. Outre les composants bruts des couches rouges, les minéraux observes comprennent de la chalcocyte, de la covellite, de la cuprite, de la pyritc, de l'ilménite, du rutile, de la mottramite, de la roscoélite, du xénotime, du monazite, du cuivrc natif, de l’azurite et de l’argent natif avec des quantités infimes de mcrcure allie. [Traduit par la rédaction

The Medial Olivocochlear Reflex Is Unlikely to Play a Role in Listening Difficulties in Children

The medial olivocochlear reflex (MOCR) has been implicated in several auditory processes. The putative role of the MOCR in improving speech perception in noise is particularly relevant for children who complain of listening difficulties (LiD). The hypothesis that the MOCR may be impaired in individuals with LiD or auditory processing disorder has led to several investigations but without consensus. In two related studies, we compared the MOCR functioning of children with LiD and typically developing (TD) children in the same age range (7–17 years). In Study 1, we investigated ipsilateral, contralateral, and bilateral MOCR using forward-masked click-evoked otoacoustic emissions (CEOAEs; n = 17 TD, 17 LiD). In Study 2, we employed three OAE types: CEOAEs (n = 16 TD, 21 LiD), stimulus frequency OAEs (n = 21 TD, 30 LiD), and distortion product OAEs (n = 17 TD, 22 LiD) in a contralateral noise paradigm. Results from both studies suggest that the MOCR functioning is not significantly different between the two groups. Some likely reasons for differences in findings among published studies could stem from the lack of strict data quality measures (e.g., high signal-to-noise ratio, control for the middle ear muscle reflex) that were enforced in the present study. The inherent variability of the MOCR, the subpar reliability of current MOCR methods, and the heterogeneity in auditory processing deficits that underlie auditory processing disorder make detecting clinically relevant differences in MOCR function impractical using current methods

Bottom‐up controls on bacterial production in tropical lowland rivers

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/110031/1/lno20034841466.pd

Buoy Gear- a Potential for Bycatch Reduction in the Small-Scale Swordfish Fisheries: a Florida Experience and Indian Ocean Perspective.

A swordfish buoy gear, an innovative fishing practice developed in USA in early 2000s, provide a possibility of direct swordfish targeting yielding high CPUE of target species and very low bycatch levels. Here we present a summary of US experience and discuss potential application of this gear in the Indian Ocean region in the perspective of small-scale fisheries development and bycatch reduction

Theology, News and Notes - Vol. 12, No. 02

Theology News & Notes was a theological journal published by Fuller Theological Seminary from 1954 through 2014.https://digitalcommons.fuller.edu/tnn/1024/thumbnail.jp

Heads Up! A Biomechanical Pilot Investigation of Soccer Heading Using Instrumented Mouthguards (iMGs)

Soccer players purposefully head the ball, raising concerns about reduced tolerance to concussion and potential long-term brain health. By combining qualitative video analysis with custom-fit instrumented mouthguards (iMGs), we aimed to categorize header kinematics (peak linear acceleration (PLA) and peak angular acceleration (PAA)) by header type and ball delivery method. iMGs were fitted to 10 male collegiate players for twelve matches. A total of 133 headers were verified and contextualized via video review. The most common header type (38.7%), as well as the preceding ball delivery method (47.4%), was found to be a pass. Approximately one-quarter of header impacts (27.0%) occurred below 10 g. For header type, there were no significant differences in kinematics, with shot attempts having the highest median PLA and PAA. For ball delivery methods, goal kicks had significantly greater PAA than long balls and pass attempts. The current study highlights the utility of qualitative video analysis in combination with real-time head kinematic data from iMGs to understand the mechanism and severity of header impacts. The pilot findings indicate that high-speed ball delivery methods result in higher head kinematics and should be a focus of future mitigation strategies

Seasonal and interannual variation of bacterial production in lowland rivers of the Orinoco basin

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/71562/1/j.1365-2427.2004.01277.x.pd

Lactobacillus fermentum (PCC®) supplementation and gastrointestinal and respiratory-tract illness symptoms: a randomised control trial in athletes

BACKGROUND Probiotics purportedly reduce symptoms of gastrointestinal and upper respiratory-tract illness by modulating commensal microflora. Preventing and reducing symptoms of respiratory and gastrointestinal illness are the primary reason that dietary supplementation with probiotics are becoming increasingly popular with healthy active individuals. There is a paucity of data regarding the effectiveness of probiotics in this cohort. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a probiotic on faecal microbiology, self-reported illness symptoms and immunity in healthy well trained individuals. METHODS Competitive cyclists (64 males and 35 females; age 35 ± 9 and 36 ± 9 y, VO2max 56 ± 6 and 52 ± 6 ml.kg-1.min-1, mean ± SD) were randomised to either probiotic (minimum 1 × 109 Lactobacillus fermentum (PCC®) per day) or placebo treatment for 11 weeks in a double-blind, randomised, controlled trial. The outcome measures were faecal L. fermentum counts, self-reported symptoms of illness and serum cytokines. RESULTS Lactobacillus numbers increased 7.7-fold (90% confidence limits 2.1- to 28-fold) more in males on the probiotic, while there was an unclear 2.2-fold (0.2- to 18-fold) increase in females taking the probiotic. The number and duration of mild gastrointestinal symptoms were ~2-fold greater in the probiotic group. However, there was a substantial 0.7 (0.2 to 1.2) of a scale step reduction in the severity of gastrointestinal illness at the mean training load in males, which became more pronounced as training load increased. The load (duration×severity) of lower respiratory illness symptoms was less by a factor of 0.31 (99%CI; 0.07 to 0.96) in males taking the probiotic compared with placebo but increased by a factor of 2.2 (0.41 to 27) in females. Differences in use of cold and flu medication mirrored these symptoms. The observed effects on URTI had too much uncertainty for a decisive outcome. There were clear reductions in the magnitude of acute exercise-induced changes in some cytokines. CONCLUSION L. fermentum may be a useful nutritional adjunct for healthy exercising males. However, uncertainty in the effects of supplementation on URTI and on symptoms in females needs to be resolved. TRIAL REGISTRATION The trial was registered in the Australia and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12611000006943).The study was funded by Christian Hansen A/S, Probiomics and the Australian Institute of Sport