THE END OF AKINCI CORPS IN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE

It has been known that the Akincis were in the Ottoman Empire an extention of thecorps which provided the border security of the Turkish states. They were named inthe Seljuki period as "margraves". Even the Ottomans were one of these margraves.Adopting a more centralist policy, the Ottoman Empire didn't leave the border security to margraves as it was the case in Seljuks, but they assigned this job to some akıncı families. Evrenesogullari in Albania and Dalmatia, Mihal-ogullari in Bosnia, Semendire and Serbia, Malkoc-ogullari in Silistre and Turhan-ogullari in Mora were the most famous ones among these families. The missions of the Akincis was to ensure the frontier security, to undertake reconnaissance mission in the regions which would be conquered, to gather intelligence, to raid the enemy territories and to act advanced guards, which was called as the fifth column activities at that time. It is assumed that Evranos Bey established the Akini corps.They were the light cavalry forces and had a certain organizational structure.Those with manor were registered in the account book with their descriptions. Their number exceeded fifty thousand during the period of Suleyman the Magnificient.The number of Akincis continued to increase until the 16th Century. In 1595, during the attacks carried out against Walachia Voivodina Mihail, who rebelled, the Akincis which stayed behind the Ottoman army, which was retreating over the wooden bridge, were nearly destroyed due to the inconsiderate act of Grand VizierSinan Pasha. After that incident the Akincis could not recover and their mission was undertaken by the Akkerman, Dobruca and Bucak Tatars and Crimea Khanate's forces. With the exception of the short research of I. Hakki Uzuncarsili, which is based on secondary sources, no serious study has been produced on the guild of Akincis by benefiting from the manorial books, muhimme books and local registry books. In this study the "Yergogu bridge incident" which brought the end of the Akincis will be examined by referring to the secondary works of that time such as Mustafa Ali's Kunhul Ahbar and Ibrahim Pecevi's Tarih-i Pecevi. Registers of the Akincis in muhimme books of 1595 will also be taken into consideration. The findings will also be reflected in the conclusion

Salvia officinalis L. (Lamiaceae) uçucu yağının Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) ve Rhyzopertha dominica Fabricius (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae)’ya karşı davranışsal ve insektisidal aktivitesi

The insecticidal and behavioural effects of Salvia spp. on stored product pests has been known for a long period. The aim of this work is to investigate the efficacy of essential oil obtained from sage [Salvia officinalis L. (Lamiaceae)] as repellent and contact toxicity against two important stored grain insects Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val (Col: Tenebrionidae) and Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius) (Col: Bostrichidae) under laboratory conditions. In the repellent activity test, four concentrations were used (0.047 ?l/cm2, 0.118 ?l/cm2, 0.236 ?l/cm2 and 0.590 ?l/cm2) and the experiments were carried out on glass petri dishes. In contact activity tests, essential oil solutions prepared at a concentration of 10% (v/v) were applied to insects with a hand-operated microapplicator at 0.1 ?l/insect dose and dead individuals were recorded after 24 hours. The highest repellent activity was seen against R. dominica at 53.33%, at 0.118 ?l/cm2 concentration after half an hour, compared with a rate of 36.67% at 1/2 hour of 0.118 ?l/cm2 dose in T. confusum. In contact toxicity studies, 91.02% mortality was found for R. dominica, while for T. confusum this mortality was 33.67%. The results of this study show that essential oils of S. officinalis have significant contact toxicity on adults of R. dominica.Salvia türlerinin depolanmış ürün zararlısı böcekler üzerindeki insektisidal ve davranışsal etkileri uzun süreden beri bilinmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Salvia officinalis L. (Lamiaceae) bitkisinden elde edilen uçucu yağın iki önemli depolanmış ürün zararlısı olan Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val (Col: Tenebrionidae) ve Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius) (Col: Bostrichidae)’ya karşı repellent ve kontakt toksisitesini laboratuvar koşullarında test etmektir. Bu amaçla repellent aktivite testlerinde dört konsantrasyon (0.047 ?l/cm2, 0.118 ?l/cm2, 0.236 ?l/cm2 ve 0.590 ?l/cm2) denemeye alınmış ve denemeler cam petrilerde yürütülmüştür. Kontakt aktivite testlerinde ise %10 (v/v) konsantrasyonda hazırlanan uçucu yağ çözeltileri mikroaplikatör yardımı ile 0.1 ?l/böcek dozunda uygulanmış ve 24 saat sonunda ölü bireyler kaydedilmiştir. Rhyzopertha dominica’ya karşı en yüksek repellent etki 1/2 saat sonunda 0.118 ?l/cm2 konsantrasyonda %53.33 olarak tespit edilmiş, benzer şekilde T. confusum’da 0.118 ?l/cm2 konsantrasyonda 1/2 saat sonunda %36.67’lik bir etki belirlenmiştir. Kontakt toksisite çalışmalarında R. dominica için %91.02 ölüm oranı belirlenirken T. confusum için bu etki %33.67 olmuştur. Çalışma sonucunda S. officinalis uçucu yağının R. dominica’nın ergin bireyleri üzerinde önemli bir kontak toksisiteye sahip olduğu belirlenmiş olup ileride yapılacak çalışmalar açısından ümitvar olduğu kanısına varılmıştır

The Effectiveness Of Pss (Plays, Stories, Songs) Method In Learning English AS A Foreign Language: An Experimental Study At State Madrasah Ibtidaiyah 1 Of Palembang

The purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of the PSS method in teaching English as a foreign language at State Madrasah Ibtidaiyah 1 of Palembang. This study is also to determine the effect of PSS method in improving student learning outcomes.This research is a quantitative researchusingthe classes that already exist as a group, both for the experimental class and the control class, which is estimated at the same condition. The experimental study class consisted of 36 students and a control class also consists of 36 students.The result of the analysis show that the experimental class of 36 students on average score of 4.5 on the learning outcomes of pre-test and 5.97 at post-test. While the control class scored on average of 4.91 on the learning outcomes of the pre-test and 4.97 at post-test. The results of the SPSS hypothesis analysis that has been done in the paired samples t-test show that the mean of the experimental group is -1.472 with standard deviation 2.131. And t value is -4.145, while significant (2-tailed) of 0.000˂0.05. It can be concluded that rejected Ho, and can be said that there is a significant difference of students\u27 achievement before and after the application of PSS method

Modules and the Second Classical Zariski Topology

Let R be an associative ring with identity and Spec^{s}(M) denote the set of all second submodules of a right R-module M. In this paper, we present a number of new results for the second classical Zariski topology on Spec^{s}(M) for a right R-module M. We obtain a characterization of semisimple modules by using the second spectrum of a module. We prove that if R is a ring such that every right primitive factor of R is right artinian, then every non-zero submodule of a second right R-module M is second if and only if M is a fully prime module. We give some equivalent conditions for Spec^{s}(M) to be a Hausdorff space or T₁-space when the right R-module M has certain algebraic properties. We obtain characterizations of commutative Quasi-Frobenius and artinian rings by using topological properties of the second classical Zariski topology. We give a full characterization of the irreducible components of Spec^{s}(M) for a non-zero injective right module M over a ring R such that every prime factor of R is right or left Goldie

Insecticidal Effect of Thymus citriodorus (Pers.) Schreb (Lamiaceae) Essential Oil on Sitophilus granarius (Linnaeus, 1758) (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae) and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst, 1797) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

In the current study, the essential oil of Thymus citriodorus (Pers.) Schreb (Lamiaceae) was evaluated for its ability to control adults of two significant pests of stored products, Sitophilus granarius (Linnaeus, 1758) (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae) and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst, 1797) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), under laboratory conditions. Using a microapplicator, test insects were exposed to 0.025, 0.05, 0.1 and 0.15 µl/insect concentrations of plant essential oil in order to assess contact toxicity. At 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours following applications, deaths were noted. The experiment revealed that, depending on the insects and dosages, the essential oil showed varying degrees of contact activity. The essential oil of T. citriodorus generally had low effect on adult T. castaneum, with the greatest effect was 15.32% at 0.15 µl/insect dose after 96 hours. Adults of S. granarius showed greater sensitivity to the essential oil of T. citriodorus. After 48 hours, doses of 0.1 and 0.15 µl/insect concentrations of the essential oil resulted in over 95% of S. granarius adult mortality. The findings of the study indicate that T. citriodorus essential oil has the potential to be used in the control of S. granarius

Geleneksel Diplomasiden Kamu Diplomasisine Karabağ Savaşının Televizyon Üzerinden Sunumuna İlişkin Bir Araştırma

Kitle iletişim araçlarının sahip olduğu nüfuz edici güç sayesinde kaynak ile hedef kitle arasındaki mesafe silinmiş ve geniş kitlelere ulaşmak kolaylaşmıştır. Diğer yandan kitle iletişim araçlarının sunduğu olanaklar doğrultusunda öteki pek çok şeyin yanı sıra kamu diplomasisi faaliyetleri yoğunluk kazanmıştır. Bu çerçevede Türkiye’nin siyasi sınırları dışında kalan ancak Türkçe konuşan topluluklara yönelik televizyon yayınları yapmak ve kamu diplomasisi faaliyetleri yürütmek maksadıyla 21 Mart 2009 tarihinde TRT Avaz televizyon kanalı kurulmuştur. Çalışma kapsamında TRT Avaz televizyon kanalından yayınlanan Avrasya Gündemi adlı haber programı araştırma evreni olarak belirlenmiş ve Azerbaycan ile Ermenistan arasında yaşanan Karabağ Savaşı (27 Eylül-10 Kasım 2020) esnasında yayınlanan program içerikleri araştırma örneklemi olarak incelenmiştir. Buna göre; haber, yorum ve uzman görüşlerinden oluşan toplam kırk dört program içeriğinde Azerbaycan’a yönelik olumlayıcı ifadeler ile Ermenistan’a yönelik eleştirel ifadeler süzülmüş ve kamu diplomasisi perspektifinden söylem analizine tabii tutulmuştur. Çalışma neticesinde araştırma örneklemi olarak incelenen içeriklerin genel manada Türkiye ile Azerbaycan devletleri arasındaki dış politik söylemle uyumlu, Ermenistan devletinin söylemlerine karşı ise çeşitli argümanlarla desteklenen eleştirel unsurlar içerdiği sonucuna varılmıştır

Subintimal angioplasty and stenting in chronic total femoropopliteal artery occlusions: Early- and mid-term outcomes

Background: This study was conducted to evaluate the initial and mid-term patency rates of chronic total femoropopliteal artery (FPA) occlusions treated by subintimal angioplasty (SIA) and stenting. Methods: From March 2010 to February 2013, 74 patients were included in the study. Seventy two patients with total occlusion of the FPA and good distal runoff (2 or 3 patent vessels) were treated with percutaneous SIA and stenting. All patients had severe claudication or critical limb ischemia. In all cases, the procedure was performed with a contralateral approach. Follow-up was done at 6 months with clinical evaluation and color-Doppler. If it was necessary, peripheric angiography was performed. Results: Immediate technical success was achieved in 72 (97%) patients. Two (3%) distal embolizations, 2 (3%) groin hematomas, 1 (1%) femoral pseudoaneurysm and 1 (1%) rupture of the junction-external iliac-superficial femoral artery occurred. All of the complications were treated successfully. Total occlusion in 1 patient and critical occlusion in 3 patients were showed at the 6th month. Patency rate at the sixth month was 94% with a stent length of 13.4 ± 8.2 cm. Conclusions: Percutaneous SIA and stenting for chronic total of the FPA occlusion showed good initial and mid-term patency rates, with few periprocedural complications

Subintimal angioplasty and stenting in chronic total femoropopliteal artery occlusions: Early- and mid-term outcomes

Background: This study was conducted to evaluate the initial and mid-term patency rates of chronic total femoropopliteal artery (FPA) occlusions treated by subintimal angioplasty (SIA) and stenting. Methods: From March 2010 to February 2013, 74 patients were included in the study. Seventy two patients with total occlusion of the FPA and good distal runoff (2 or 3 patent vessels) were treated with percutaneous SIA and stenting. All patients had severe claudication or critical limb ischemia. In all cases, the procedure was performed with a contralateral approach. Follow-up was done at 6 months with clinical evaluation and color-Doppler. If it was necessary, peripheric angiography was performed. Results: Immediate technical success was achieved in 72 (97%) patients. Two (3%) distal embolizations, 2 (3%) groin hematomas, 1 (1%) femoral pseudoaneurysm and 1 (1%) rupture of the junction-external iliac-superficial femoral artery occurred. All of the complications were treated successfully. Total occlusion in 1 patient and critical occlusion in 3 patients were showed at the 6th month. Patency rate at the sixth month was 94% with a stent length of 13.4 ± 8.2 cm. Conclusions: Percutaneous SIA and stenting for chronic total of the FPA occlusion showed good initial and mid-term patency rates, with few periprocedural complications

Essential-oil composition of Isatis floribunda Boiss. ex Bornm. aerial parts from Turkey

There is just one article in the literature in regard to the essential-oil composition of Isatis floribunda Boiss. ex Bornm. (Brassicaceae). Previously, a flower and root extract of I. floribunda was reported to be rich in phenolic compounds, especially chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid and quercetin [1]. The current study aims to provide information about the essential-oil composition of aerial parts of I. floribunda. Isatis floribunda was collected from Ankara-Beypazarı. The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation of the air-dried aerial parts using a Clevenger apparatus for 3 h. The essential-oil yield was 0.03 mL per 100 g of plant material. The essential oil was trapped in n-hexane (1 mL) dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and analyzed directly by GC-MS without further dilution. The essential oil was analyzed with an Agilent 5977 MSD GC-MS system operating in EI mode; injector and MS transfer line temperatures were set at 250 °C. Splitless injection was used in the analysis. Innowax FSC column (60 m x 0.25 mm, 0.25 µm film thickness) and helium as the carrier gas (1 mL/min) were used in GC-MS analyses. The oven temperature program was: 60 °C for 10 min and then raised to 220 °C at a rate of 4 °C/min, afterwards the temperature was kept constant at 220 °C for 10 min and then raised to 240 °C at a rate of 1 °C/min. Mass spectra were recorded at 70 eV with the mass range m/z 35-425. Relative amounts of the separated compounds were calculated from the integration of the peaks in MS chromatograms. Identification of essential-oil components was carried out by comparison of their retention indices (RI), relative to a series of n-alkanes (C5 to C30), with the literature values, as well as by mass spectral comparison. The aerial parts essential oil of I. floribunda yielded an essential oil that is rich in n-alkanes and saturated fatty acids. The major components of the essential oil were dodecanoic acid (28.6%), nonacosane (11.0%), hexadecanoic acid (10.0%), tetradecanoic acid (8.4%), methyl octadecanoate (4.8%), decanoic acid (4.6%), and hexahydrofarnesyl acetone (3.5%). We believe our study will stimulate further research on the chemistry of this species