Caracterização química de variedades brasileiras de cevada nua, fracionamento da farinha e concentração de proteína

Even though hulless barley is widely known due to its nutritional potential, in Brazil it is only grown at a few agricultural experimental stations. There is no published data about the chemical composition of Brazilian hulless barley varieties; however, research laboratories have studied their agronomical characteristics. The objectives of this study were to present the chemical characterization and effect of flour fractionation on protein concentration of six Brazilian hulless barley varieties, namely IAC IBON 214/82, IAC 8612/421, IAC 8501/31, IAC 8501/12, IAPAR 39-Acumaí, and IAC 8501/22. The analyses included: ash, ether extract, total protein, starch, total insoluble and soluble dietary fiber, and beta-glucans. Flour fractionation was carried out by sieving. The flour fractions were evaluated for crude protein, protein, and protein and non-protein nitrogen. Chemical composition varied (P < 0.05) among all the varieties. IAC 8501/22, IAC 8501/31, and IAC 8501/12 showed the highest protein content (15.69, 15.25, and 14.94% respectively). Differences (P < 0.05) among the protein of the fractionated flours were detected, and might be attributed primarily to genetic background since all varieties were grown under the same environmental conditions. Fractionating the flour increased the total protein content, in some fractions, by up to 2%. These results may be useful in the food industry for the selection of hulless barley varieties for human consumption and to produce substantially protein-enriched flour fractions.Apesar de a cevada nua ser amplamente conhecida por seu potencial nutricional, no Brasil é apenas cultivada em poucas estações experimentais agronômicas. Em relação as variedades brasileiras de cevada nua, não se têm dados sobre a composição química, entretanto instituições de pesquisa têm estudado suas características agronômicas. Os objetivos deste estudo foram apresentar a caracterização química e o efeito no fracionamento da farinha obtida visando à concentração de proteína de seis variedades brasileiras de cevada nua: IAC IBON 214/82, IAC 8612/421, IAC 8501/31, IAC 8501/12, IAPAR 39-Acumaí, e IAC 8501/22. Foram realizadas análises de: cinzas, extrato etéreo, proteína total, amido, fibra alimentar total, solúvel e insolúvel e beta-glucanas. As frações das farinhas foram obtidas por peneiramento e avaliadas quanto aos teores de proteína bruta, proteína, nitrogênio protéico e não protéico. Houve variação entre as variedades testadas (P < 0,05). As variedades IAC 8501/22, IAC 8501/31 e IAC 8501/12 apresentaram o maior teor de proteína (15,69; 15,25 e 14,94% respectivamente). Foi observada diferença (P < 0,05) quanto ao teor de proteína nas frações de farinha de cada variedade, a qual pode ser atribuída principalmente às características genéticas, uma vez que todas as variedades foram cultivadas sob as mesmas condições ambientais. Após o fracionamento, foi observada concentração, em algumas frações, de no máximo 2% em relação a farinha integral. As variedades brasileiras de cevada nua apresentam potencial para consumo humano bem como para a produção de farinhas enriquecidas com alta proteína

Microscopic dynamics of glycerol in its crystalline and glassy states

9 págs.; 6 figs.; 1 tab.The dynamics of crystalline glycerol are studied by means of Raman spectroscopy and lattice dynamics calculations employing a semiflexible model to represent the low-lying molecular vibrations. The latter is validated against structural, thermodynamic, and spectroscopic data. The results serve to set an absolute frequency scale for glassy glycerol, which is also studied by Raman and incoherent inelastic-neutron scattering. Some implications of the present findings regarding ensuing discussions on glassy dynamics are finally commented on. ©1996 American Physical SocietyThis work has been supported in part by DGICYT Grant No. PB92- 0114-C04.Peer Reviewe

Lipids of Amazon Caimans: A source of fatty acids

Some species of fish and other aquatic organism are important sources of protein and fatty acids that are beneficial to human health and can be industrially processed. The fatty acid profile of Caiman crocodilus and Melanosuchus niger (native to the Brazilian Amazon flooded forest) was determined in samples of a commercial cut (tail fillet) and fat (fat body and somatic fat) of these two species. There were no statistically significant differences in the total lipid content between them (p ≥ 0.05) and both had higher levels of palmitic, stearic (saturated), and oleic (unsaturated) acids. However, omega 3 (ω-3) and omega 6 (ω-6) were not detected in the samples of the commercial cut; they were present only in the fats evaluated. Clinical studies are necessary to assess the influence of fatty acids from Amazon Caimans on human diet and the feasibility of obtaining new products such as nutraceuticals.Keywords: Black caiman, spectacled caiman, omega 3, omega

EFEITOS DO CONGELAMENTO E DOS CICLOS DE GELO-DEGELO EM MASSAS DE PÃO

This review clarifies the freeze and thaw process interference in the dough ingredients and on the final bread properties. The topics approached were: fresh and frozen dough, influence of freezing on gluten, starch and yeast. Thawing and freezing of the dough, waiting time and final volume of bread were also studied. It was verified that freezing the dough modifies its constituents (yeast, gluten, starch and water) and, therefore, it is possible to add components to reduce these changes. It is necessary to optimize and standardize the process of dough freezing to improve the final bread quality.A presente revisão teve por objetivo esclarecer a interferência do processo de gelo e degelo nos constituintes da massa e nas propriedades finais do pão. Abordou-se a influência do congelamento na rede de glúten, nos grânulos de amido e na ação da levedura. Estudo-se o processo de gelo e degelo da massa, o tempo de descanso e o volume final dos pães. Verificouse que o processo de congelamento da massa de pão modifica os constituintes da massa (levedura, glúten, amido e água), sendo possível a adição de componentes para minimizar essas alterações. É necessário otimizar e padronizar o processo de congelamento da massa para melhorar a qualidade final dos pães

Statistics of the purse seine Spanish fleet in the Indian Ocean (1990-2011)

This document presents summary statistics of the purse seiner Spanish fleet fishing in the Indian Ocean from 1990 to 2011. Data include catch and effort statistics as well as some fishery index by species and fishing mode. Information about the sampling scheme and the coverage of sampling, together with maps and diagrams representing the fishing pattern of this fleet by time and area strata is also included

On the numerical index with respect to an operator

The research of the first author is done in frames of Ukrainian Ministry of Science and Education Research Pro gram 0118U002036, and it was partially done during his stay in the University of Granada which was supported by the project MTM2015-65020-P (MINECO/FEDER, UE). Research of second, third, and fifth authors is supported by projects MTM2015-65020-P (MINECO/FEDER, UE), PGC2018-093794-B-I00 (MCIU/AEI/FEDER, UE), and FQM-185 (Junta de Andalucía/FEDER, UE). The fourth author acknowledges financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Com petitiveness, through the “Severo Ochoa Programme for Centres of Excellence in R&D” (SEV-2015-0554).The aim of this paper is to study the numerical index with respect to an operator between Banach spaces. Given Banach spaces X and Y, and a norm-one operator G∈L(X,Y) (the space of all bounded linear operators from X to Y), the numerical index with respect to G, nG(X,Y), is the greatest constant k≥0 such that k∥T∥≤infδ>0sup{|y∗(Tx)|:y∗∈Y∗,x∈X,∥y∗∥=∥x∥=1,Rey∗(Gx)>1−δ} for every T∈L(X,Y). Equivalently, nG(X,Y) is the greatest constant k≥0 such that max∣∣w∣∣=1∥G+wT∥≥1+k∥T∥ for all T∈L(X,Y). Here, we first provide some tools to study the numerical index with respect to G. Next, we present some results on the set N(L(X,Y)) of the values of the numerical indices with respect to all norm-one operators in L(X,Y). For instance, N(L(X,Y))={0} when X or Y is a real Hilbert space of dimension greater than 1 and also when X or Y is the space of bounded or compact operators on an infinite-dimensional real Hilbert space. In the real case N(L(X,ℓp))⊆[0,Mp]andN(L(ℓp,Y))⊆[0,Mp] for 1<p<∞ and for all real Banach spaces X and Y, where Mp=supt∈[0,1]∣∣tp−1−t∣∣1+tp. For complex Hilbert spaces H1, H2 of dimension greater than 1, N(L(H1,H2))⊆{0,1/2} and the value 1/2 is taken if and only if H1 and H2 are isometrically isomorphic. Moreover, N(L(X,H))⊆[0,1/2] and N(L(H,Y))⊆[0,1/2] when H is a complex infinite-dimensional Hilbert space and X and Y are arbitrary complex Banach spaces. Also, N(L(L1(μ1),L1(μ2)))⊆{0,1} and N(L(L∞(μ1),L∞(μ2)))⊆{0,1} for arbitrary σ-finite measures μ1 and μ2, in both the real and the complex cases. Also, we show that the Lipschitz numerical range of Lipschitz maps from a Banach space to itself can be viewed as the numerical range of convenient bounded linear operators with respect to a bounded linear operator. Further, we provide some results which show the behaviour of the value of the numerical index when we apply some Banach space operations, such as constructing diagonal operators between c0-, ℓ1-, or ℓ∞-sums of Banach spaces, composition operators on some vector-valued function spaces, taking the adjoint to an operator, and composition of operators.Ukrainian Ministry of Science and Education Research Program 0118U002036MINECO/FEDER, UE MTM2015-65020-PJunta de Andalucia/FEDER, UE FQM-185MCIU/AEI/FEDER, UE PGC2018-093794-B-I00Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, through the "Severo Ochoa Programme for Centres of Excellence in RD" SEV-2015-055

Tracheal self-expandable metallic stents: A comparative study of three different stents in a rabbit model

Introduction: The objective of this study was to assess tracheal reactivity after the deployment of different self-expandable metal stents (SEMS). Material and methods: Forty female New Zealand rabbits were divided into four groups. Three groups received three different SEMS: steel (ST), nitinol (NiTi), or nitinol drug-eluting stent (DES); the fourth group was the control group (no stent). Stents were deployed percutaneously under fluoroscopic guidance. Animals were assessed by multislice, computed tomography (CT) scans, and tracheas were collected for anatomical pathology (AP) study. Data from CT and AP were statistically analyzed and correlated. Results: The DES group had the longest stenosis (20.51±14.08 mm vs 5.84±12.43 and 6.57±6.54 mm in NiTi and ST, respectively, day 30; P<.05), and higher granuloma formation on CT (50% of cases). The NiTi group showed the lowest grade of stenosis (2.86±6.91% vs 11.28±13.98 and 15.54±25.95% in DES and ST, respectively; P<.05). The AP study revealed that the ST group developed intense proliferative reactivity compared to the other groups. In the DES group, a destructive response was observed in 70% of the animals, while the NiTi was the least reactive stent. CT was more effective in detecting wall thickening (positive correlation of 68.9%; P<.001) than granuloma (not significant). Conclusions: The ST group developed granulomas and significant stenosis. NiTi was the least reactive stent, while DES caused significant lesions that may be related to drug dosage. This type of DES stent is therefore not recommended for the treatment of tracheobronchial stenosis. Introducción: El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar la reactividad traqueal tras la implantación de distintos stents metálicos autoexpandibles (SMAE). Material y métodos: Se utilizaron 40 conejos hembra de raza neozelandesa, que se dividieron en 4 grupos. En 3 grupos se implantaron SMAE: de acero (SA), de nitinol (NiTi) o stents liberadores de nitinol (SLF). El cuarto grupo fue el grupo de control (sin stent). Los stents se implantaron por vía percutánea bajo control fluoroscópico. Los animales se evaluaron mediante tomografía axial computarizada (TAC) multicorte y las tráqueas se extirparon para su estudio anatomopatológico (EAP). Los datos de la TAC y el EAP se analizaron estadísticamente y se correlacionaron Resultados: El grupo que recibió SLF presentaba la mayor longitud de estenosis (20,51±14,08 mm frente a 5,84±12,43 y 6,57±6,54 mm en los grupos NiTi y SA, día 30; p < 0,05) y el mayor índice de formación de granulomas evidenciados mediante TAC (50% de los casos). El grupo al que se implantaron stents NiTi mostró el menor grado de estenosis (2,86±6,91% frente a 11,28±13,98 y 15,54±25,95% en los grupos SLF y SA; p < 0,05). En el estudio AP, el grupo SA presentó reactividad proliferativa intensa en comparación con los otros 2 grupos. En el grupo SLF se observó una respuesta destructiva en el 70% de animales, mientras que el stent NiTi fue el que menos reacción provocó. La TAC resultó ser superior para detectar el engrosamiento (correlación positiva de un 68,9%; p < 0,001) que para la observación de granulomas (n.s.). Conclusiones: El grupo SA desarrolló granulomas y estenosis significativas. El stent NiTi fue el que menos reacción indujo, mientras que el SLN provocó lesiones importantes que podrían estar relacionadas con la dosis de fármaco. Por consiguiente, este tipo de SLF no se recomienda para el tratamiento de la estenosis traqueobronquial

Método de seguimiento 3D del instrumental quirúrgico mediante análisis de vídeo laparoscópico

El seguimiento 3D del instrumental laparoscópico ofrece nuevas posibilidades para la mejora de la formación quirúrgica y el desarrollo de nuevas aplicaciones quirúrgicas de realidad aumentada. Este trabajo presenta un método original para determinar la orientación y posición del extremo del instrumental en el espacio con respecto al endoscopio, haciendo uso de información segmentada en la imagen y del campo de visión del endoscopio. Los resultados muestran un error máximo de posicionamiento de 9,28 mmRMS, cuyo origen es debido a imprecisiones en la estimación de los bordes en la imagen. Este método aparece como una alternativa a otras soluciones basadas en sensores de posición más caras y complejas de integrar en quirófano

Tools and Biomarkers for the Study of Retinal Ganglion Cell Degeneration

The retina is part of the central nervous system, its analysis may provide an idea of the health and functionality, not only of the retina, but also of the entire central nervous system, as has been shown in Alzheimer"s or Parkinson"s diseases. Within the retina, the ganglion cells (RGC) are the neurons in charge of processing and sending light information to higher brain centers. Diverse insults and pathological states cause degeneration of RGC, leading to irreversible blindness or impaired vision. RGCs are the measurable endpoints in current research into experimental therapies and diagnosis in multiple ocular pathologies, like glaucoma. RGC subtype classifications are based on morphological, functional, genetical, and immunohistochemical aspects. Although great efforts are being made, there is still no classification accepted by consensus. Moreover, it has been observed that each RGC subtype has a different susceptibility to injury. Characterizing these subtypes together with cell death pathway identification will help to understand the degenerative process in the different injury and pathological models, and therefore prevent it. Here we review the known RGC subtypes, as well as the diagnostic techniques, probes, and biomarkers for programmed and unprogrammed cell death in RGC

Similaridade genética de variedades brasileiras de cevada nua e cevada cervejeira avaliada por marcadores RAPD

A cevada (Hordeum vulgare L.) é amplamente empregada na produção de cerveja e na ração animal. Recentemente, este cereal tornou-se desejável na alimentação humana devido ao seu alto valor nutricional, principalmente da cevada nua ou sem casca. Existem diferenças nas características nutricionais e para malteação entre as diversas variedades de cevada. O procedimento RAPD é capaz de separar as variedades de cevada em vários níveis de similaridade. O objetivo desse trabalho foi analisar por RAPD seis variedades brasileiras de cevada nua e sete variedades de cevada cervejeira. Reações de PCR foram realizadas com onze iniciadores aleatórios. Um total de 34 fragmentos de amplificação foi obtido com cinco destes iniciadores. Baseado no coeficiente de similaridade de Jaccard, um dendrograma foi construído. As variedades de cevada apresentaram índice médio de similaridade de 0,53. Fragmentos monomórficos intravariedades permitiram a diferenciação entre as variedades. Os coeficientes médios de similaridade intravariedades encontram-se entre 0,53 e 0,85. Os marcadores RAPD detectados neste trabalho foram adequados para a diferenciação entre as variedades brasileiras de cevada.Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is widely used for brewing and animal feed. Recently, it has become desirable for human consumption due to its high nutritional significance, specially hull-less or naked barley. There are differences in nutritional and malting characteristics among barley varieties. RAPD procedure is able to separate barley varieties at various similarity levels. The aim of this work was the RAPD analysis of six Brazilian hull-less varieties and seven malting varieties. PCR reactions were performed with eleven random primers. A total of 34 RAPD fragments was obtained with five primers. A dendrogram was constructed based on the Jaccard similarity coefficient. Barley varieties displayed an average similarity coefficient of 0.53. Intravarietal monomorphic fragments allowed differentiation among varieties. The averages of intravarietal similarity coefficients ranged from 0.53 to 0.85. RAPD markers, detected in this work, were suitable for differentiation among Brazilian barley varieties