Conflict on the Northern Front: Archaeological Perspectives on the Spanish Civil War at Monte Bernorio, Palencia, Spain

The archaeology of the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) has experienced an important development over the last two decades. Several field projects have studied aspects such as mass graves, forced labor camps, and battlefields. In this paper, we present a case study from the so-called "Northern Front" (Frente Norte). The impressive mountain of Monte Bernorio, situated at the foothills of the Cantabrian Mountains, controls one of the main communication routes between the central Spanish plateau (Meseta) and the Cantabrian Sea. Due to this strategic position, the site has played an important military role during two episodes of war separated by nearly 2,000 years: the Roman conquest of northern Iberia under Emperor Augustus in the 20s BCE, and the Spanish Civil War in the years 1936-37. The ongoing archaeological excavations and surveys are uncovering abundant remains of trenches, battering positions, barracks, and munitions belonging to the Civil War period, when Bernorio was a highly disputed position in the confrontation between "Republicans" and "Nationalists." Adopting an interdisciplinary approach, this paper combines archaeological evidence, oral history, and written documents that shed light on one of the main episodes of Franco's conquest of northern Spain

Design and experimental implementation of a multi-cloak paraxial optical system

Electromagnetic cloaking has being continuously pursued using a large variety of approaches. In recent years, this effect has been observed using either complex devices based on the so-called Transformation Optics or simple systems based on conventional optics with proper characteristics. In the latter case, a simple arrangement of lenses working in the paraxial regime can provide broadband visible cloaking in a wide area. In this work, we analyzed and generalized this method by proposing a five-lens system producing at least three potential invisible regions with a large cloaked area (>90% of the visual field). In particular, we developed the mathematical formalism and show, both numerically and experimentally, the successful operation of the cloaking system with the naked eye.AF-H wants also to express her grattitude to the Ministerio de Universidades for her predoctoral grant (FPU19/04133)

Qualitative assessment of care in Mexican youth at risk for HIV/AIDS

El objetivo de este estudio fue valorar las necesidades de cuidado en jóvenes ante el riesgo del virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) para adaptar la Intervención Basada en la Evidencia titulada Respeto M-Salud en usuarios de una Organización no Gubernamental (ONG) dedicada a la detección del VIH mediante la prueba rápida. Material y métodos: Se condujo un estudio con enfoque cualitativo, con uso de la teoría fundamentada como marco metodológico, las técnicas de recolección de datos fueron notas de campo y entrevistas semiestructuradas, el nivel máximo de análisis fue hasta la codificación abierta, como criterios de rigor en este estudio se utilizó la triangulación y transferencia. Resultados: fueron categorizados en tiempo de intervención, uso de dispositivos móviles, contenido en la intervención, factores de influencia para el uso de condón y uso correcto del condón. Conclusión: La identificación de necesidades en jóvenes con riesgo de VIH es una estrategia imprescindible para adaptar contenidos contextualmente en el uso de las IBE para la prevención del VIH.The aim of this study was to assess the health care needs of young people in the face of the risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) to adapt the evidence-based intervention entitled Respect M-health users from a non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to the detection of HIV rapid testing. Material and methods: We conducted a study with qualitative approach, with the use of grounded theory as a methodological framework, data collection techniques were field notes and interviews, the maximum level of analysis was up to the open coding, such as criteria of rigor in this study, we used triangulation and transfer. Results: were categorized in time of intervention, use of mobile devices, content in the intervention, factors of influence for the use of condom and correct use of condoms. Conclusion: The identification of needs in young people at risk of HIV infection is a strategic imperative to adapt content contextually in the use of the IBE for the prevention of HIV

ALTERACIONES ANATÓMICAS INDUCIDAS POR CACTODERA GALINSOGAE (NEMATA: HETERODERINAE) EN MIEMBROS DE ASTERACEAE

We investigated the anatomical changesinduced by the cyst-forming nematodeCactodera galinsogae in the weedsGalinsoga parviflora and Bidens odorata,both members of the Asteraceae, growingin a naturally infested field of barley at ‘‘LaRaya’’, Singuilucan, Hidalgo. During the 2003 growing season, the weeds werecollected at 15, 30 and 45 days afteremergence. Their roots were washed andfixed in Craf in the field. Part of the materialwas stained with fuchsin-lactoglycerol andcleared with clove oil; the other part wasembedded in paraffin for making slices withthe microtome and stained with fuchsin-fastgreen. Cactodera galinsogae-inducedfeeding sites (sincitia of irregular form) werelocated mainly in the vascular cylinder andcortex. The main changes at the cellular levelwere: cells around the feeding sitesunderwent hyperplasia, cytoplasm of thesincitia became dense and granular, corticalcells thickened and ruptured where thenematodes penetrated, and a suber layerformed around the mature females locatedin the cortex. Furthermore, the xylem vesselsof the vascular cylinder were disorganized,and magenta crystals of unknown naturewere observed in the cortex. Inside thestained roots, juveniles (J2, J3, J4) andmature females of C. galinsogae werelocated in the cortex in a plane parallel tothe vascular cylinder, mostly in secondaryand tertiary roots.Se describieron las alteraciones anatómicasinducidas por el nematodo formador dequistes Cactodera galinsogae en lasarvenses Galinsoga parviflora y Bidensodorata, miembros de Asteraceae, crecidas en campos de cebada naturalmenteinfestados en la localidad ‘‘La Raya’’,Singuilucan, Hidalgo. Durante el ciclo decultivo primavera-verano 2003, se recogieron las arvenses a los 15, 30 y 45 díasposteriores a su emergencia. Las raíces delas plantas recogidas fueron lavadas yfijadas con Craf en el sitio de colecta. Unaparte del material se tiñó con fucsinalactoglicerol y trasparentó en esencia declavo; la otra parte se incluyó en parafinapara efectuar cortes al microtomo y teñirloscon fucsina-verde rápido. C. galinsogaeindujo la formación de sitios de alimentación(sincitios) de forma irregular, ubicadosprincipalmente en el cilindro vascular ycortex de las raíces de G. parviflora y B.odorata. Las principales alteraciones a nivelcelular fueron: hiperplasia de las célulasaledañas al sitio de alimentación, citoplasmadel sincitio denso y granuloso, engrosamiento y ruptura de células corticales pordonde penetró el nematodo, suberizaciónalrededor de las hembras maduras ubicadasen el cortex; en el cilindro vascular hubodesorganización de los vasos del xilema;se observaron además, cristales de colormagenta de naturaleza desconocida en elcortex. En las raíces teñidas con fucsinalactoglicerol, se observaron los juveniles(J2, J3, J4), y hembras maduras de C.galinsogae, alojados en el cortex en planoparalelo al cilindro vascular principalmenteen las raíces secundarias y terciarias

Histopathological Analogies in Chronic Pulmonary Lesions between Cattle and Humans: Basis for an Alternative Animal Model

Most of the natural cases of pneumonia in feedlot cattle are characterized by a longer clinical course due to chronic lung lesions. Microscopically, these lesions include interstitial fibroplasia, bronchitis, bronchiectasis, bronchiolitis obliterans, and epithelial metaplasia of the airways. Herein, the aim was to review, under a medical perspective, the pathologic mechanisms operating in these chronic pneumonic lesions in calves. Based on the similarities of these changes to those reported in bronchiolitis obliterans/organising pneumonia (BO/OP) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in human beings, calves are proposed as an alternative animal model

Comparación de la percepción de calidad de vida relacionado con la salud en hombres y mujeres adultos mayores

Introduction: The quality of life related to health is understood as the functional and emotional effect that a disease produces in a person, including treatment and how this process is perceived by the person, which may be influenced by gender.Objective: To determine the perception of quality of life related to health among men and older women in the Comarca Lagunera of Coahuila.Method: Quantitative and descriptive cross-sectional study. The sample was 100 old adults selected at convenience in the Nursing School, U.T. from the Autonomous University of Coahuila and a public hospital in the town. Data were analyzed in the SPSS v22 program for Mac, descriptive statistics and the Mann-Whitney U test were used.Results: The analysis between gender and health-related quality of life perception did not observe a significant difference (U=922.00, p=.178); However, when analyzing the quality of life by dimensions, there is a significant difference in three components that are physical mobility (U= 812.00, p< .05), pain (U= 816.00, p< .05) and energy (U= 807.50, p< .05).Conclusions: In the present investigation, it can be observed that older men and women perceive the quality of life related to health in a very similar way, however, a difference was found in some components that from the point of view of the authors, they are closely linked to the social role played by a woman or an older adult man.Introducción: La calidad de vida relacionada con la salud se entiende como el efecto funcional y anímico que una enfermedad produce en una persona, incluyendo el tratamiento y cómo este proceso es percibido por la persona, el cual puede estar influido por el género.Objetivo: Determinar la percepción de la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud entre hombre y mujeres adultos mayores en la Comarca Lagunera de Coahuila.Método: Estudio cuantitativo y descriptivo de corte transversal. La muestra estuvo conformada por 100 adultos mayores seleccionados a conveniencia en la escuela de Lic. en Enfermería, U.T. de la Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila y un hospital público de la localidad. Los datos se analizaron en el programa SPSS v22 para Mac, se utilizó estadística descriptiva y la prueba U de Mann-Withney.Resultados: El análisis entre el género y la percepción de calidad de vida relacionada con la salud no observó diferencia significativa (U= 922.00, p=.178); sin embargo, al analizar la calidad de vida por dimensiones, existe diferencia significativa en tres componentes que son movilidad física (U= 812.00, p>.05), dolor (U= 816.00, p>.05) y energía (U= 807.50, p>.05).Conclusiones: En la presente investigación, se puede observar que los hombres y mujeres adultos mayores perciben la calidad de vida relacionada a la salud de una forma muy parecida, sin embargo, se encontró diferencia en algunos componentes que desde el punto de vista de los autores están muy ligados al rol social que cumple una mujer o un hombre adulto mayor. &nbsp

Effectiveness of Fosfomycin for the Treatment of Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli Bacteremic Urinary Tract Infections A Randomized Clinical Trial

Importance The consumption of broad-spectrum drugs has increased as a consequence of the spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Escherichia coli. Finding alternatives for these infections is critical, for which some neglected drugs may be an option. Objective To determine whether fosfomycin is noninferior to ceftriaxone or meropenem in the targeted treatment of bacteremic urinary tract infections (bUTIs) due to MDR E coli. Design, Setting, and Participants This multicenter, randomized, pragmatic, open clinical trial was conducted at 22 Spanish hospitals from June 2014 to December 2018. Eligible participants were adult patients with bacteremic urinary tract infections due to MDR E coli; 161 of 1578 screened patients were randomized and followed up for 60 days. Data were analyzed in May 2021. Interventions Patients were randomized 1 to 1 to receive intravenous fosfomycin disodium at 4 g every 6 hours (70 participants) or a comparator (ceftriaxone or meropenem if resistant; 73 participants) with the option to switch to oral fosfomycin trometamol for the fosfomycin group or an active oral drug or parenteral ertapenem for the comparator group after 4 days. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was clinical and microbiological cure (CMC) 5 to 7 days after finalization of treatment; a noninferiority margin of 7% was considered. Results Among 143 patients in the modified intention-to-treat population (median [IQR] age, 72 [62-81] years; 73 [51.0%] women), 48 of 70 patients (68.6%) treated with fosfomycin and 57 of 73 patients (78.1%) treated with comparators reached CMC (risk difference, −9.4 percentage points; 1-sided 95% CI, −21.5 to ∞ percentage points; P = .10). While clinical or microbiological failure occurred among 10 patients (14.3%) treated with fosfomycin and 14 patients (19.7%) treated with comparators (risk difference, −5.4 percentage points; 1-sided 95% CI, −∞ to 4.9; percentage points; P = .19), an increased rate of adverse event–related discontinuations occurred with fosfomycin vs comparators (6 discontinuations [8.5%] vs 0 discontinuations; P = .006). In an exploratory analysis among a subset of 38 patients who underwent rectal colonization studies, patients treated with fosfomycin acquired a new ceftriaxone-resistant or meropenem-resistant gram-negative bacteria at a decreased rate compared with patients treated with comparators (0 of 21 patients vs 4 of 17 patients [23.5%]; 1-sided P = .01). Conclusions and Relevance This study found that fosfomycin did not demonstrate noninferiority to comparators as targeted treatment of bUTI from MDR E coli; this was due to an increased rate of adverse event–related discontinuations. This finding suggests that fosfomycin may be considered for selected patients with these infections

Molecular analysis of hepatitis B virus "a" determinant in asymptomatic and symptomatic Mexican carriers

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a small DNA-containing virus with 4 genes, C, S, X and P. The S gene codes for the surface antigen (HBsAg), which contains the "a" determinant, the main region for induction of a protective humoral immune response. To compare the genotype and sequence of the "a" determinant between strains isolated from asymptomatic and symptomatic Mexican HBV carriers. RESULTS: 21 asymptomatic (blood donors) and 12 symptomatic (with clinical signs and with >1 year lamivudine treatment) HBV carriers were studied; all patients were positive for the HBsAg in serum. Viral load, genotypes, and subtypes were determined in plasma. A fragment of the S gene including the "a" determinant was PCR amplified and sequenced to determine genotype, subtype and to identify mutations. Mean viral load was 0.7965 × 10(4 )copies/ml in asymptomatic carriers and 2.73 × 10(6 )copies/ml in symptomatic patients. Genotypes H, C, and F were identified in asymptomatic individuals; whereas H was dominant in symptomatic patients. A fragment of 279 bp containing the "a" determinant was amplified from all 33 carriers and sequences aligned with S gene sequences in the GenBank. Mutations identified were Y100N, T126I, Q129H and N146K in the asymptomatic group, and F93I and A128V in the symptomatic group. CONCLUSION: Differences in genotype and in mutations in the "a" determinant were found between strains from asymptomatic and symptomatic HBV Mexican carriers

Procedimiento analítico para el análisis cromatográfico de muestras con fines geoquímicos.

El petróleo crudo es una mezcla natural altamente compleja que consiste predominantemente de hidrocarburos [alcanos (parafinas), alquenos (olefinas) y compuestos aromático otros elementos tales como azufre, nitrógeno y oxígeno. La geoquímica de yacimientos parte del principio básico que dentro de un yacimiento donde no existan barreras de permeabilidad ocurrirá una homogeneización composicional de los crudos, de tal forma que en cualquier parte del yacimiento se presentará la misma composición o “fingerprints”. Por tal motivo resulta necesario desarrollar un método cromatográfico para el análisis de los compuestos ligeros en muestras de petróleo crudo (fracción C15-). Se seleccionaron siete muestras de crudos ligeros, medianos y mediano-pesados, en la caracterización geoquímica de discontinuidades y compartimentaciones en reservorios. Se utiliza, como técnica de rutina sobre crudo total, la cromatografía de gases de alta resolución, la interpretación de los resultados que se obtienen contribuye a reducir la probabilidad de perforar pozos petroleros improductivos, los parámetros cromatográficos se mantuvieron invariantes en el análisis de las muestras de petróleo de crudo total, lo cual facilitó el estudio de la composición de las especies moleculares presentes. La identificación de los compuestos se basó en los tiempos de retención y por la comparación con patrones de referencia. Se identificaron 100 picos cromatográficos correspondientes a la fracción ligera C15- (cicloparafinas, naftenos y aromáticos). De ellos se seleccionaron 22 y se obtuvieron sus alturas para cada muestra. La repetibilidad y la precisión intermedia en todos los casos fueron inferior al 3 %, lo cual demostró la precisión del método analítico desarrollado