6 research outputs found
Peroxisomal defects in microglial cells induce a disease-associated microglial signature
Microglial cells ensure essential roles in brain homeostasis. In pathological condition, microglia adopt a common signature, called disease-associated microglial (DAM) signature, characterized by the loss of homeostatic genes and the induction of disease-associated genes. In X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD), the most common peroxisomal disease, microglial defect has been shown to precede myelin degradation and may actively contribute to the neurodegenerative process. We previously established BV-2 microglial cell models bearing mutations in peroxisomal genes that recapitulate some of the hallmarks of the peroxisomal ÎČ-oxidation defects such as very long-chain fatty acid (VLCFA) accumulation. In these cell lines, we used RNA-sequencing and identified large-scale reprogramming for genes involved in lipid metabolism, immune response, cell signaling, lysosome and autophagy, as well as a DAM-like signature. We highlighted cholesterol accumulation in plasma membranes and observed autophagy patterns in the cell mutants. We confirmed the upregulation or downregulation at the protein level for a few selected genes that mostly corroborated our observations and clearly demonstrated increased expression and secretion of DAM proteins in the BV-2 mutant cells. In conclusion, the peroxisomal defects in microglial cells not only impact on VLCFA metabolism but also force microglial cells to adopt a pathological phenotype likely representing a key contributor to the pathogenesis of peroxisomal disorders
Immune response of BV-2 microglial cells is impacted by peroxisomal beta-oxidation
Microglia are crucial for brain homeostasis, and dysfunction of these cells is a key driver in most neurodegenerative diseases, including peroxisomal leukodystrophies. In X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD), a neuroinflammatory disorder, very long-chain fatty acid (VLCFA) accumulation due to impaired degradation within peroxisomes results in microglial defects, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing of key genes in peroxisomal VLCFA breakdown (Abcd1, Abcd2, and Acox1), we recently established easily accessible microglial BV-2 cell models to study the impact of dysfunctional peroxisomal ÎČ-oxidation and revealed a disease-associated microglial-like signature in these cell lines. Transcriptomic analysis suggested consequences on the immune response. To clarify how impaired lipid degradation impacts the immune function of microglia, we here used RNA-sequencing and functional assays related to the immune response to compare wild-type and mutant BV-2 cell lines under basal conditions and upon pro-inflammatory lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activation. A majority of genes encoding proinflammatory cytokines, as well as genes involved in phagocytosis, antigen presentation, and co-stimulation of T lymphocytes, were found differentially overexpressed. The transcriptomic alterations were reflected by altered phagocytic capacity, inflammasome activation, increased release of inflammatory cytokines, including TNF, and upregulated response of T lymphocytes primed by mutant BV-2 cells presenting peptides. Together, the present study shows that peroxisomal ÎČ-oxidation defects resulting in lipid alterations, including VLCFA accumulation, directly reprogram the main cellular functions of microglia. The elucidation of this link between lipid metabolism and the immune response of microglia will help to better understand the pathogenesis of peroxisomal leukodystrophies
Dysfonctionnement peroxysomal dans les cellules microgliales BV-2 : vers une meilleure compréhension du processus neurodégénératif dans l'adrénoleucodystrophie liée à l'X
Microglia act as the immune sentinel of the central nervous system and play a crucial role in maintaining its homeostasis. Peroxisomes, essential organelles in cellular metabolism, mainly orchestrate the breakdown of very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs). The accumulation of VLCFAs is a marker of peroxisomal diseases, the most common of which is X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD), a rare and complex neurodegenerative disease in which microglia are thought to play an important role. The inactivation of peroxisomal genes in BV-2 microglial cells had shed light on a yet unexplored relationship between peroxisomal activity and microglial plasticity. Specifically, knocked-out genes included those encoding the very long-chain fatty acid transporters ABCD1 and ABCD2, as well as the peroxisomal ÎČ-oxidation-limiting enzyme ACOX1. Transcriptomic and functional analysis of the mutant cells revealed a disease-associated microglial signature close to that found in the most common neurodegenerative diseases. The peroxisomal defect impacts lipid metabolism in the broad sense, lysosomal and autophagic functions, as well as the response to lipopolysaccharide stimulation, including the inflammatory response and redox homeostasis. The functions of phagocytosis and antigen presentation to T lymphocytes are also altered. In addition, secretions from these mutant microglial cells induce the death of neuronal and oligodendrocyte cell lines and modify the morphology and function of neurons. Although these results need to be confirmed in primary microglia, they support the hypothesis of a major and early role for microglia in the neurodegenerative cascade observed in X-ALD and validate microglia and the molecules they secrete as a therapeutic target in peroxisomal leukodystrophies.La microglie agit en tant que sentinelle immunitaire du systĂšme nerveux central et joue un rĂŽle crucial dans le maintien de son homĂ©ostasie. Les peroxysomes, organites essentiels au mĂ©tabolisme cellulaire, orchestrent principalement la dĂ©gradation d'acides gras Ă trĂšs longue chaĂźne (AGTLC). Lâaccumulation des AGTLC est dâailleurs un marqueur des maladies peroxysomales dont la plus commune est lâadrĂ©noleucodystrophie liĂ©e Ă lâX (X-ALD), une maladie neurodĂ©gĂ©nĂ©rative rare et complexe dans laquelle la microglie est suspectĂ©e de jouer un rĂŽle important. La dĂ©sactivation de gĂšnes peroxysomaux dans les cellules microgliales BV-2 a mis en lumiĂšre une relation jusqu'alors non explorĂ©e entre l'activitĂ© peroxysomale et la plasticitĂ© microgliale. Plus prĂ©cisĂ©ment, les gĂšnes dĂ©sactivĂ©s incluaient ceux codant pour les transporteurs d'acides gras Ă trĂšs longue chaĂźne, ABCD1 et ABCD2, ainsi que l'enzyme limitante de la ÎČ-oxydation peroxysomale ACOX1. Lâanalyse transcriptomique et fonctionnelle des cellules mutantes a rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© une signature pathologique microgliale proche de celle retrouvĂ©e dans les maladies neurodĂ©gĂ©nĂ©ratives les plus rĂ©pandues. Le dĂ©faut peroxysomal impacte le mĂ©tabolisme lipidique au sens large, les fonctions lysosomales et autophagiques, ainsi que la rĂ©ponse Ă une stimulation au lipopolysaccharide incluant la rĂ©ponse inflammatoire et lâhomĂ©ostasie redox. Les fonctions de phagocytose et de prĂ©sentation antigĂ©nique Ă des lymphocytes T sont Ă©galement modifiĂ©es. De plus, les sĂ©crĂ©tions de ces cellules microgliales mutantes induisent la mort des lignĂ©es cellulaires neuronales et oligodendrocytaires et modifient la morphologie et la fonction des neurones. Si ces rĂ©sultats doivent ĂȘtre relativisĂ©s et confirmĂ©s dans la microglie primaire, ils confortent lâhypothĂšse dâun rĂŽle majeur et prĂ©coce de la microglie dans la cascade neurodĂ©gĂ©nĂ©rative observĂ©e dans lâX-ALD et valident la microglie et les molĂ©cules quâelle sĂ©crĂšte comme une cible thĂ©rapeutique dans les leucodystrophies peroxysomales
Dysfonctionnement peroxysomal dans les cellules microgliales BV-2 : vers une meilleure compréhension du processus neurodégénératif dans l'adrénoleucodystrophie liée à l'X
Microglia act as the immune sentinel of the central nervous system and play a crucial role in maintaining its homeostasis. Peroxisomes, essential organelles in cellular metabolism, mainly orchestrate the breakdown of very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs). The accumulation of VLCFAs is a marker of peroxisomal diseases, the most common of which is X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD), a rare and complex neurodegenerative disease in which microglia are thought to play an important role. The inactivation of peroxisomal genes in BV-2 microglial cells had shed light on a yet unexplored relationship between peroxisomal activity and microglial plasticity. Specifically, knocked-out genes included those encoding the very long-chain fatty acid transporters ABCD1 and ABCD2, as well as the peroxisomal ÎČ-oxidation-limiting enzyme ACOX1. Transcriptomic and functional analysis of the mutant cells revealed a disease-associated microglial signature close to that found in the most common neurodegenerative diseases. The peroxisomal defect impacts lipid metabolism in the broad sense, lysosomal and autophagic functions, as well as the response to lipopolysaccharide stimulation, including the inflammatory response and redox homeostasis. The functions of phagocytosis and antigen presentation to T lymphocytes are also altered. In addition, secretions from these mutant microglial cells induce the death of neuronal and oligodendrocyte cell lines and modify the morphology and function of neurons. Although these results need to be confirmed in primary microglia, they support the hypothesis of a major and early role for microglia in the neurodegenerative cascade observed in X-ALD and validate microglia and the molecules they secrete as a therapeutic target in peroxisomal leukodystrophies.La microglie agit en tant que sentinelle immunitaire du systĂšme nerveux central et joue un rĂŽle crucial dans le maintien de son homĂ©ostasie. Les peroxysomes, organites essentiels au mĂ©tabolisme cellulaire, orchestrent principalement la dĂ©gradation d'acides gras Ă trĂšs longue chaĂźne (AGTLC). Lâaccumulation des AGTLC est dâailleurs un marqueur des maladies peroxysomales dont la plus commune est lâadrĂ©noleucodystrophie liĂ©e Ă lâX (X-ALD), une maladie neurodĂ©gĂ©nĂ©rative rare et complexe dans laquelle la microglie est suspectĂ©e de jouer un rĂŽle important. La dĂ©sactivation de gĂšnes peroxysomaux dans les cellules microgliales BV-2 a mis en lumiĂšre une relation jusqu'alors non explorĂ©e entre l'activitĂ© peroxysomale et la plasticitĂ© microgliale. Plus prĂ©cisĂ©ment, les gĂšnes dĂ©sactivĂ©s incluaient ceux codant pour les transporteurs d'acides gras Ă trĂšs longue chaĂźne, ABCD1 et ABCD2, ainsi que l'enzyme limitante de la ÎČ-oxydation peroxysomale ACOX1. Lâanalyse transcriptomique et fonctionnelle des cellules mutantes a rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© une signature pathologique microgliale proche de celle retrouvĂ©e dans les maladies neurodĂ©gĂ©nĂ©ratives les plus rĂ©pandues. Le dĂ©faut peroxysomal impacte le mĂ©tabolisme lipidique au sens large, les fonctions lysosomales et autophagiques, ainsi que la rĂ©ponse Ă une stimulation au lipopolysaccharide incluant la rĂ©ponse inflammatoire et lâhomĂ©ostasie redox. Les fonctions de phagocytose et de prĂ©sentation antigĂ©nique Ă des lymphocytes T sont Ă©galement modifiĂ©es. De plus, les sĂ©crĂ©tions de ces cellules microgliales mutantes induisent la mort des lignĂ©es cellulaires neuronales et oligodendrocytaires et modifient la morphologie et la fonction des neurones. Si ces rĂ©sultats doivent ĂȘtre relativisĂ©s et confirmĂ©s dans la microglie primaire, ils confortent lâhypothĂšse dâun rĂŽle majeur et prĂ©coce de la microglie dans la cascade neurodĂ©gĂ©nĂ©rative observĂ©e dans lâX-ALD et valident la microglie et les molĂ©cules quâelle sĂ©crĂšte comme une cible thĂ©rapeutique dans les leucodystrophies peroxysomales
Peroxisomal dysfunction in BV-2 microglial cells : towards a better understanding of the neurodegenerative process in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy
La microglie agit en tant que sentinelle immunitaire du systĂšme nerveux central et joue un rĂŽle crucial dans le maintien de son homĂ©ostasie. Les peroxysomes, organites essentiels au mĂ©tabolisme cellulaire, orchestrent principalement la dĂ©gradation d'acides gras Ă trĂšs longue chaĂźne (AGTLC). Lâaccumulation des AGTLC est dâailleurs un marqueur des maladies peroxysomales dont la plus commune est lâadrĂ©noleucodystrophie liĂ©e Ă lâX (X-ALD), une maladie neurodĂ©gĂ©nĂ©rative rare et complexe dans laquelle la microglie est suspectĂ©e de jouer un rĂŽle important. La dĂ©sactivation de gĂšnes peroxysomaux dans les cellules microgliales BV-2 a mis en lumiĂšre une relation jusqu'alors non explorĂ©e entre l'activitĂ© peroxysomale et la plasticitĂ© microgliale. Plus prĂ©cisĂ©ment, les gĂšnes dĂ©sactivĂ©s incluaient ceux codant pour les transporteurs d'acides gras Ă trĂšs longue chaĂźne, ABCD1 et ABCD2, ainsi que l'enzyme limitante de la ÎČ-oxydation peroxysomale ACOX1. Lâanalyse transcriptomique et fonctionnelle des cellules mutantes a rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© une signature pathologique microgliale proche de celle retrouvĂ©e dans les maladies neurodĂ©gĂ©nĂ©ratives les plus rĂ©pandues. Le dĂ©faut peroxysomal impacte le mĂ©tabolisme lipidique au sens large, les fonctions lysosomales et autophagiques, ainsi que la rĂ©ponse Ă une stimulation au lipopolysaccharide incluant la rĂ©ponse inflammatoire et lâhomĂ©ostasie redox. Les fonctions de phagocytose et de prĂ©sentation antigĂ©nique Ă des lymphocytes T sont Ă©galement modifiĂ©es. De plus, les sĂ©crĂ©tions de ces cellules microgliales mutantes induisent la mort des lignĂ©es cellulaires neuronales et oligodendrocytaires et modifient la morphologie et la fonction des neurones. Si ces rĂ©sultats doivent ĂȘtre relativisĂ©s et confirmĂ©s dans la microglie primaire, ils confortent lâhypothĂšse dâun rĂŽle majeur et prĂ©coce de la microglie dans la cascade neurodĂ©gĂ©nĂ©rative observĂ©e dans lâX-ALD et valident la microglie et les molĂ©cules quâelle sĂ©crĂšte comme une cible thĂ©rapeutique dans les leucodystrophies peroxysomales.Microglia act as the immune sentinel of the central nervous system and play a crucial role in maintaining its homeostasis. Peroxisomes, essential organelles in cellular metabolism, mainly orchestrate the breakdown of very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs). The accumulation of VLCFAs is a marker of peroxisomal diseases, the most common of which is X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD), a rare and complex neurodegenerative disease in which microglia are thought to play an important role. The inactivation of peroxisomal genes in BV-2 microglial cells had shed light on a yet unexplored relationship between peroxisomal activity and microglial plasticity. Specifically, knocked-out genes included those encoding the very long-chain fatty acid transporters ABCD1 and ABCD2, as well as the peroxisomal ÎČ-oxidation-limiting enzyme ACOX1. Transcriptomic and functional analysis of the mutant cells revealed a disease-associated microglial signature close to that found in the most common neurodegenerative diseases. The peroxisomal defect impacts lipid metabolism in the broad sense, lysosomal and autophagic functions, as well as the response to lipopolysaccharide stimulation, including the inflammatory response and redox homeostasis. The functions of phagocytosis and antigen presentation to T lymphocytes are also altered. In addition, secretions from these mutant microglial cells induce the death of neuronal and oligodendrocyte cell lines and modify the morphology and function of neurons. Although these results need to be confirmed in primary microglia, they support the hypothesis of a major and early role for microglia in the neurodegenerative cascade observed in X-ALD and validate microglia and the molecules they secrete as a therapeutic target in peroxisomal leukodystrophies
Peroxisomal ABC Transporters: An Update
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters constitute one of the largest superfamilies of conserved proteins from bacteria to mammals. In humans, three members of this family are expressed in the peroxisomal membrane and belong to the subfamily D: ABCD1 (ALDP), ABCD2 (ALDRP), and ABCD3 (PMP70). These half-transporters must dimerize to form a functional transporter, but they are thought to exist primarily as tetramers. They possess overlapping but specific substrate specificity, allowing the transport of various lipids into the peroxisomal matrix. The defects of ABCD1 and ABCD3 are responsible for two genetic disorders called X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy and congenital bile acid synthesis defect 5, respectively. In addition to their role in peroxisome metabolism, it has recently been proposed that peroxisomal ABC transporters participate in cell signaling and cell control, particularly in cancer. This review presents an overview of the knowledge on the structure, function, and mechanisms involving these proteins and their link to pathologies. We summarize the different in vitro and in vivo models existing across the species to study peroxisomal ABC transporters and the consequences of their defects. Finally, an overview of the known and possible interactome involving these proteins, which reveal putative and unexpected new functions, is shown and discussed