The analysis of smartness of urban tourism destinations in Iran

In the present age, which is characterized by technology, services have been made available to users in an integrated manner, and technology has become the basis for the formation or transformation of tourist destinations. This rapid development of technology in tourism and the growing interest in smart cities has attracted the attention of destination managers and policymakers to the opportunities created by the implementation of smart strategies. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine the dimensions or components of smartness of urban tourist destinations, and their measurement indicators in a way that can be used to measure the smartness of tourist destinations. Consequently, three research steps are determined. In the first step, the components of smartness and their measurement indicators have been determined and validated using the opinion of experts. In the second step, using an online questionnaire and a survey of 320 tourism experts at the level of 12 selected tourism destinations, in addition to measuring the smartness, the impact of each component of smartness has been determined. In the third step, using one-way analysis of variance test and Tukey test, the difference between the smartness of selected urban tourism destinations in general and by components is analyzed. Based on the research results, six components and fifty-seven indicators for measuring smartness were determined. It was also found that there was a significant difference between the smartness of urban tourist destinations and based on that, Qom has the highest and Sari has the lowest level of smartness

The relationship between illness perception and medication adherence in patients with diabetes mellitus type II: illness perception and medication adherence

Introduction: One of the most well-known chronic diseases in the world is diabetes. Disease perception is the patient's organized cognitive representation of his or her illness and can affect treatment adherence. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between illness perception and adherence to the medical regimen in patients with type II diabetes. Methods: This descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study was performed on 260 patients with type II diabetes referred to Gonabad Diabetes Clinic by systematic random sampling in 2019. Data collection tools were demographic questionnaire, Morisky medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-8), and Brief illness Perception Questionnaire (BIPQ). Data were analyzed by SPSS 20 software. And using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient.  P < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: The results showed that the mean score of illness perception of type II diabetes was 46.39 ± 9.45 (range 0-70) and the mean score of medication Adherence was 2.93 ± 1.9 (range 0-8). The results of Pearson correlation test showed a significant relationship between illness perception and medication Adherence (P <0.001, r = 0.199). Also, the regression model showed that the dimensions of disease comprehension and personal control from illness perception were significantly related to medication Adherence of type II diabetic patients (P <0.001). Conclusion: By measuring the level of illness perception, the degree of medication Adherence can be predicted. Therefore, strengthening the illness perception in order to medication Adherence seems to be an important therapeutic strategy in educational interventions.     &nbsp

Evaluation of the Effects of Diabetes Self-Management Education based on 5A Model on the Quality of Life and Blood Glucose of Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Abstract Introduction: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is an important condition during pregnancy. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the effects of self-management education based on 5A model on the quality of life and blood glucose level of women with GDM. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 54 pregnant women who referred to the urban health care centers affiliated to the Gonabad University of Medical Sciences from March 2019 to March 2020 based on purposive sampling method. Participants were randomly allocated into intervention and control groups based on stratified random sampling using permuted block randomization method. The intervention group received self-management education program based on 5A model in five sessions during two months. Demographic data, blood glucose level, and diabetes quality of life (DQOL) questionnaire were recorded for each participant. Data analysis was performed using the SPSS software version 16 and the level of statistical significance was set at 0.05. Results: Mean age of the participants was 33.11 ± 5.35 years old. At the end of the intervention, the mean blood glucose level of the participants in the intervention group was significantly lower compared to the control group (p<0.001). The quality of life in the intervention group was significantly improved at the end of the intervention compared to the control group (p<0.001). Conclusions: Self-management education based on 5A model can effectively improve quality of life and blood glucose levels in women with GDM

Predictors of the Social Distancing Behaviors during COVID-19 Pandemic using Protection Motivation Theory in Iran: A cross sectional study

Background: Social distancing is a key behavior to minimize Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infections. Since the change of behavior is the only way to prevent this pandemic, this study aimed to predict the social distancing behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic using protection motivation theory (PMT). Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted through a convenience sampling method on 796 individuals over 15 years old from urban and rural areas of different cities in Iran during 2020. The data were collected online using demographic characteristics form, PMT and social distancing behaviors questionnaires. Afterward, the obtained data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 16) through linear correlation coefficient and hierarchical regression tests. Results: The Mean±SD score of social distancing behaviors was obtained at 4.42±0.31. The results of the hierarchical linear regression model showed that after adjusting the effect of socio-demographic variables, self-efficacy (Beta=0.238, P<0.001) was the strongest predictor of social distancing behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic, followed by intention (Beta=0.233, P<0.001) and perceived severity (Beta=0.083, P=0.028). PMT constructs and intention was able to predict 40% of social distancing behaviors in total. Conclusions: In the prevalence of infectious diseases, individuals differ in adherence to social distancing behaviors. The PMT was a useful framework for prediction social distancing behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, this theory can be used as a framework in designing educational programs to increase self-efficacy and encourage individuals to observe social distancing behaviors as a result

Health information seeking behavior among students of Gonabad University of Medical Sciences

Introduction: Nowadays, the need for health information has grown all over the world, and this information often changes behavior and health decisions. This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the seeking behavior and health information channels in students of Gonabad University of Medical Sciences. Methods: In this Analytic-descriptive study, 115 individuals from health department, 110 individuals from nursing department, 93 individuals from medical department and 112 individuals from paramedical department were randomly selected and analyzed. The data collection tool was a questionnaire whose validity and reliability were obtained in previous studies. Collected data analyzed using SPSS 20. Results: The findings show that more students are seeking information about the type of sickness with a mean of 3.29 and their treatment with an average of 3.20, and internet resources and doctors are the most commonly used among students. There is a significant difference between the use of different sources of health information seeking among students (P\u3c0.05). There was also no significant difference between the use of different sources of health information seeking among students at different faculties (P\u3e0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study provide a clear picture of the health information seeking behavior in students of Gonabad University of Medical Sciences. According to the goals of seeking for health information and resources, It can be said that the results of seeking for students can affect their decision making and choice in treating sickness and promoting their health. Therefore, improving the health literacy of students can have a positive effect on their health promotion

Recognizing native foods and determining their raw materials and methods of cooking in Gonabad

زمینه و هدف: غذاهای بومی از نظر ارزش غذایی، در دسترس بودن مواد اولیه، تازگی، عاری بودن از نگهدارنده های شیمیایی و همچنین ارزان بودن از بهترین مواد غذایی در مناطق مختلف کشور محسوب می گردند. علاوه بر آن غذاهای بومی حامل پیامهای فرهنگی بوده و نقش بسزایی در افزایش ارتباط نسل ها و حفظ هویت فرهنگی ایفا می کنند. این مطالعه با هدف شناسایی انواع غذاهای بومی، دلایل عدم استفاده از این نوع غذاها، ارزش غذایی آنها و همچنین تعیین مواد اولیه و روش پخت غذاهای بومی در جمعیت تحت پوشش پایگاه تحقیقات جمعیتی شهر گناباد انجام شده است. روش بررسی: این مطالعه یک پژوهش کیفی است که در سال1383 انجام شد. شناسایی غذاهای بومی از طریق مصاحبه و بررسی متون و منابع موجود در مورد غذاهای بومی دانشگاه÷ر جامعه پژوهش صورت گرفت. ابزار بررسی شامل: فرم مصاحبه، چک لیست مشاهده و ثبت داده ها از طریق یادداشت برداری، ضبط صوت و فیلم برداری بود. نمونه گیری بصورت خوشه ای تصادفی بوده و جهت تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها علاوه بر گروه بندی اطلاعات از آمار توصیفی بصورت جداول توزیع فراوانی و نمودارها استفاده شده است. یافته ها: یافته ها نشان داد که 97 نوع غذای بومی در جامعه پژوهش وجود دارد. گروه نانها و غلات (71)، میوه ها و سبزی ها (48) و شیر و لبنیات (32 ) بیشترین گروههای غذایی اصلی است که در تهیه غذاهای بومی بکار رفته اند. اکثریت (52) غذاهای بومی به عنوان نهار و بقیه آنها بعنوان شام (23) و یا صبحانه (13) مصرف می شدند. اکثریت (77) غذاهای بومی مصرف معمولی داشتند اما بقیه آنها به منظور استفاده در مراسم و جشنها (11)، درمان بیماری ها (9) و یا در بارداری و زایمان (3) مصرف می شدند. لبنیات و سبزیجات تازه (69)، آب آشامیدنی (45)، ترشی ها (36)، نوشابه های گازدار (5/24) و شوری ها (5) از بیشترین موادی که همراه غذاهای بومی مصرف می شدند. خانواده هایی که غذای بومی مصرف نمی کردند، رایج نبودن غذاها در جامعه فعلی (82)، عدم آشنایی با طرز تهیه آنها (78) و عدم دسترسی به مواد اولیه و ابزار لازم (37) را از علل عدم مصرف این نوع غذاها بیان نمودند. نتیجه گیری: این پژوهش نشان داد روی آوردن به غذاهای آماده و به اصطلاح مدرن و به فراموشی سپردن غذاهای سنتی و بومی در هر منطقه یکی از چالش های تغذیه مردم میهن مان در حال حاضر می باشد و اکثریت خانواده های مورد بررسی بدلیل رایج نبودن غذاهای بومی مصرف این نوع غذاهای مفید را رهاکرده اند

Responsabilidade civil devido a causa indeterminada da lei iraniana e británica

One of the most important and most significant issues in civil responsibility is the issue of "indeterminate " and” causation” . The term has created a combination of the two words " indeterminate" and " causation ". And in the definition of the “indeterminate causation” we can say that the uncertain factor in the causation of loss among likely persons. When knowledge of the occurrence of a loss by an agent is due to several factors of the loss, but it cannot be determined definitively and definitely, the discussion of indeterminate causation is raised. The lawyers, having emphasized the necessity of proving the relation between the causal link between a harmful act by a certain person and the entry of a loss to the loser, and the absence of such a relationship in the assumption of the indeterminate causation , considered the liability completely excluded. But after a while, the collective responsibility view of probable actors was posed, which is of solidarity type in French law and proportional to the type of liability in Common law in, and the aspect of the proof is of great importance.Uno de los temas más importantes y más significativos en la responsabilidad civil es el tema de "indeterminación" y "causalidad". El término ha creado una combinación de las dos palabras "indeterminado" y "causalidad". Y en la definición de "causalidad indeterminada" podemos decir que es el factor incierto en la causalidad de la pérdida entre las personas probables. Cuando el conocimiento de la ocurrencia de una pérdida por un agente se debe a varios factores de la pérdida, pero no puede determinarse de manera absoluta y definitiva, se plantea la discusión de la causalidad indeterminada. Los abogados, habiendo enfatizado la necesidad de probar la relación entre el nexo causal entre un acto dañino de cierta persona y el ingreso de una pérdida al perdedor, y la ausencia de tal relación en el supuesto de la causalidad indeterminada, considerado el pasivo completamente excluido. Pero después de un tiempo, se planteó la visión de responsabilidad colectiva de los actores probables, que es de tipo solidario en la ley francesa y proporcional al tipo de responsabilidad en ley comun en, y el aspecto de la prueba es de gran importancia.Um dos temas mais importantes e mais importantes da responsabilidade civil é o tema da "indeterminação" e "causalidade". El término ha creado una combinação das palabras "indeterminado" y "causalidad". Y en la definición de "causali-dad indeterminada" podemos decir que el factor incierto en la causalidad de la pérdida entre las personas probables. Cuando o conocimiento da ocorrência de uma perda por agente pode ser uma variável fatores da perda, não é um processo de decisão absoluta e definitiva, é um processo de discussão da causalidade indeterminada. Los abogados, habatendo enfatized the necesidad of probar la relación between the nexo causal between un acto dañino of cierta persona and the ingreso de una perdida al perdedor, y la au-sencia de tal relación en el supuesto de la causalidad indeterminada, considerado el pa -sivo completamente excluido. Perú despiu de un tiempo, se plerou la visión de responsabilidad colectiva de los actores probables, que es de solidario la la ley francesa y proporcional o tipo de responsabilidade na ley comun, y el aspecto de la prueba es de gran importancia

CIVIL LIABILITY OF THE INCONCLUSIVE CAUSALITY OF THE MEDICAL TEAM IN IRAN, INDIA AND BRITAIN

Abstract. Statement of Problem and Research Questions. In the legal system of Iran, India, and England (Common Law), the issue of Tort committed by the medical team happens when in reality, there is the knowledge of damage inflicted by several causes, however it is not clear which cause has caused the damage. In the Iranian law, there have been suggested several ways for determining the liability of damage compensation such as the implementation of the right of choice in the cases of tort, the sentence establishment of the jurists as a rule, drawing, Citation to judicial circumstantial presumption, Compensation from public funds, treasury, Execution and aggregation of two conflictingsentences, Risk theory, presumption of responsibility, and the application of great judge authority, and in the Penal Code of 2015, the liability is equal. In the Indian Law, in terms of tort law in civil liability, there have not been offered any specific sentences. However, in the section 43 of the Contractual Law of 1872 on compensation of the shared damages in which the share of the parties is not determined, they are equally responsible for damage compensation, but in case one of the parties is deceased, the other party will be responsible for the compensation

Clinical characteristics and outcomes of COVID-19 patients with a history of cardiovascular disease

New emerging severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) primarily affects the lungs, but the virus may cause cardiovascular disease (CVD), and a history of CVD is usually associated with comorbidities, which could increase the severity of infections. In this study, we collected demographic and clinical characteristics data from 123 patients with a history of CVD, who were confirmed to have SARS-CoV-2 infection by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test in Razi Hospital, Rasht, Iran, from March 2021 to June 2021. Chi-Square and Fisher's Exact test with a significance level of P less than 0.05 was performed. All statistical analysis was performed with SPSS software version 26.0. Among the studied patients, 99 patients were discharged and 24 of them died. 62 (50.4%) of the study population were female and 61 (49.6%) were male, and there is no significant association between gender and the outcome of patients (P = 0.159). The total mean age of patients was 68.35±12.41. Statistical analysis has represented a significant relation of death outcomes in CVD patients with age 60 years and older (P = 0.001), in comparison with patients younger than 60 years. In this present study, no significant relation between underlying disease and mortality rate was reported, but in COVID-19 patients with a history of CVD and age upper than 60 years, death outcome was more probable