GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY - MASS SPECTROMETRY ANALYSIS, INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA MASS SPECTROMETRY INVESTIGATION, AND ANTIMICROBIAL SCREENING OF CAESALPINIA BONDUCELLA (L.) ROXB SEED KERNEL

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine heavy metals using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and phytochemical constituents of methanol extract of Caesalpinia bonducella seed kernel using gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Methods: In GC-MS investigation, 95% methanol extract of C. bonducella seed kernel was performed on JEOL GC MATE ΙΙ, column HP 5 MS, and Quadruple, double-focusing mass analyzer. Determination of heavy metals from C. bonducella powder was performed using Thermo scientific I CAP Q instrument, for plant powder digestion Anton Paar Microwave model: Multiwave 300 was used. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated using microdilutions broth method. Results: GC-MS analysis of methanol extract of C. bonducella seed kernel has shown 11 different phytoconstituents. ICP-MS analysis has shown the concentration of ten heavy metals in C. bonducella seed kernel as follows: Cr 1.5 ppm, Fe 72.72 ppm, Co 0.33 ppm, Ni 0.03 ppm, Cu 10.73 ppm, Zn 18.44 ppm, As 0.03 ppm, Cd 0.02 ppm, and Pb 0.58 ppm. Conclusion: Result showed that the plant is safe to use from toxic heavy metals such as As, Cd, and Pb. It is suitable to check frequently the heavy metal content in the plant used in traditional medicines before given to patients

GC-MS ANALYSIS, HPTLC FINGERPRINT PROFILE AND DPPH FREE RADICAL SCAVENGING ASSAY OF METHANOL EXTRACT OF MARTYNIA ANNUA LINN SEEDS

Objective: To investigate the photochemical constituents present in methanol extract of martynia annua seeds using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy(GC-MS), High-Performance Thin–Layer Chromatography(HPTLC) analysis and study antioxidant activity. Methods: Methanol extract of Martynia annua seeds were subjected to GC-MS and HPTLC analysis. HPTLC analysis was carried out using GAMAG system with a linomate5 applicator, system mobile phase (Toluene: Chloroform: Ethanol (4:4:1 V/V/V)), two different volume of extract was applied 2 µl and 5 µl. GC-MS analysis was carried out on JEOL GC MATE ΙΙ, column HP 5 MS and Quadruple double focusing mass analyzer. Antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH assay. Results: GC-MS analysis provided 17 peaks indicating the presence of seventeen different phytochemicals in methanol extract of martynia annua seeds. HPTLC fingerprint showed 6 peaks at both size 2 µl and 5 µl at 254 nm whereas 4 peaks, 9 peaks were detected at 366 nm for 2 µl and 5 µl respectively. After derivatization with 10 % methanolic sulphuric acid, 8 peaks, 11 peaks were detected for 2 µl and 5 µl respectively when the derivatized plate was scanned at 540 nm. DPPH free radical scavenging result showed EC50 value of 44.1±1.1 µg/ml. Conclusion: The GC-MS analysis showed the presence of fatty acids, ester, aldehydes and ketones whereas in HPTLC different peaks at different UV-lights before and after derivatization were observed. Maximum percentage inhibition using DPPH assay was found 74 at concentration of 50 µg/ml

L’entrepreneuriat et la transition écologique : une analyse des business models issus de travaux étudiants en France

This article examines the degree to which environmental issues are integrated into the design of business models (BMs) by entrepreneurship class students. It begins with a review of the entrepreneurship literature, defines the concept of BM and its place in entrepreneurship, and thenfocuses on entrepreneurial education and the ecological transition. The authors collected student work from entrepreneurial courses in higher education in France over the past five years and analyzed it through the dimensions of value creation, value capture, and value circulation processes. They identified several types of BMs and propose a typology of five models, ranging from “business-as-usual” to “activist” passing by “socially responsible”, “surfing the wave” and “engaged”, depending on the contribution to the ecological transition.Cet article examine le degré d’intégration des problématiques environnementales dans la conception des business models (BM) d’étudiants ayant suivi un cours d’entrepreneuriat. Il commence par une revue de la littérature sur l’entrepreneuriat, qui définit le concept de BM et sa place en entrepreneuriat, puis se concentre sur l’éducation entrepreneuriale et la transition écologique. En fonction de la prise en compte de l’impact environnemental et de la contribution à la transition écologique, les résultats permettent d’identifier une typologie de cinq BM : « business-as-usual » ; « surfeur sur la vague » ; « socialement responsable » ; « engagé » et « militant »

Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of Triognella foenum graecum Linn seeds: Determination of bioactive compounds and pharmacological analysis

Objective: To investigate the effect of temperature and pressure on supercritical CO2 extraction of Triognella foenum graecum Linn seeds, to determine the optimal condition which leads to highest percentage of the accumulative yield and revealing the chemical composition of supercritical CO2 extract. Methods: Temperatures in the range of 40â60 °C and pressures in the range of 10â25 MPa were used. FTIR and GCâMS analysis were used to detect the bioactive compounds present in the extract. The broth dilution method and slope method were used to evaluate the anti-microbial and anti-tuberculosis activities and the in vitro anti-malarial assay was carried out according to the micro assay protocol of Rieckmann and his co-workers. Results: The temperature was more affected than the pressure on the extraction performance and the highest yield of the extract (3.111%) was attained at 60 °C and 10 MPa. FTIR and GCâMS showed that the chemical composition of the extract included conjugated linoleic acid methyl ester as the major active principle (with concentration of 72.28%), followed by saturated fatty acid methyl esters (16.03%), steroids (8.09%) and organic siloxane compound (3.61%). The extract showed moderate anti-bacterial activity with MIC values 100, 250, 125 μg/mL towards Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenus respectively. It exhibited high inhibition effect towards the fungi Candida albican with MFC value (250 μg/mL). The extract had low anti-tuberculosis activity with MIC value (100 μg/mL) and comparable MIC value (0.29 μg/mL) towards Plasmodium flaciparum. Conclusions: Supercritical CO2 extraction as alternate and green technology is performed successfully to extract the bioactive compounds from the seeds of T. foenum graecum Linn and it is concluded that this extract can be used as an alternate source of synthetic anti-biotic drugs. Keywords: Anti-bacterial, Anti-fungal, Anti-malarial, Anti-tuberculosis, ScâCO2 extraction, Triognella foenum graecum Lin

Antimicrobial flavonoid: <i>in silico</i> targeting <i>Escherichia coli</i> DNA gyrase adeptly

A phytochemical investigation of Leucas aspera involved the isolation of flavones and steroids, along with triterpenoids. The identified chemical constituents were characterized as baicalein, baicalein-7-O-β-D-glucuronide, lup-20(29)-ene-3α,23-diol, β-sitosterol, and stigmasterol. Notably, baicalein (4) and baicalein-7-O-β-D-glucuronide (5) demonstrated significant antimicrobial activity at a low minimum inhibitory concentration against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Escherichia coli. Meanwhile, lup-20(29)-ene-3α,23-diol, β-sitosterol, and stigmasterol displayed moderate antimicrobial activity against all the screened microorganisms. Further analysis showed that baicalein-7-O-β-D-glucuronide had a strong docking score of −5.78 kcal/mol, indicating its robust interaction with E. coli DNA gyrase, which aligns with the in vitro findings. Additionally, baicalein-7-O-β-D-glucuronide exhibited in silico ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolites, and excretion) properties similar to those of tetracycline.</p

Synthesis, Characterization, Single-Crystal X-ray Structure and Biological Activities of [(Z)-N′-(4-Methoxybenzylidene)benzohydrazide–Nickel(II)] Complex

(Z)-N&prime;-(4-methoxybenzylidene)benzohydrazide (HL) and its Ni(II) complex (Ni(II)-2L) were synthesized using eco-friendly protocols. The single X-ray crystal structure of Ni(II)-2L was solved. Moreover, the structural properties were evaluated using Fourier transform infrared, proton nuclear magnetic resonance, mass, and Ultraviolet/Visible spectroscopy. The diamagnetic and thermal stability were assessed using magnetic susceptibility and thermogravimetric analysis, respectively. The biological activities of both HL and Ni(II)-2L (62.5&ndash;1000 &mu;g/mL) against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacterial and fungal (Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, and Aspergillus clavatus) species were studied using the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) tests method in reference to Gentamycin and Nystatin standard drugs, respectively. The results revealed an affordable, environmentally friendly, and efficient synthetic method of HL using water as a green solvent. The Ni(II)-2L complex crystallized in a distorted square planar, P21/n space group, and one Ni(II) to two bidentate negatively charged ligand ratio. The analysis of biological activity revealed higher activity of the complex against S. aureus and S. pyogenes (bacteria) and A. niger and A. clavatus (fungi) compared to the ligand. However, the highest activity was at a MIC of 62.5 &mu;g/mL for the complex against S. pyogenes and for the ligand against E. coli. Therefore, both HL and Ni(II)-2L could be promising potential antimicrobials and their selective activity could be an additional benefit of these bioactive materials

Antimicrobial Activity of Novel Ni(II) and Zn(II) Complexes with (E)-2-((5-Bromothiazol-2-yl)imino)methyl)phenol Ligand: Synthesis, Characterization and Molecular Docking Studies

In order to address the challenges associated with antibiotic resistance by bacteria, two new complexes, Ni(II) and Zn(II), have been synthesized using the conventional method based on Schiff base ligand (E)-2-((5-bromothiazol-2-yl) imino) methyl) phenol. The Schiff base ligand (HL) was synthesized using salicylaldehyde and 5-(4-bromophenyl)thiazol-2-amine in both traditional and efficient, ecologically friendly, microwave-assisted procedures. The ligand and its complexes were evaluated by elemental analyses, FTIR spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and magnetic susceptibility. The ligand and its complexes were tested for antibacterial activity against three Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 43300 and Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212) and three Gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 700603). The findings demonstrate the potent activity of the ligand and its complexes against selective bacteria but the Ni(II) complex with MIC values ranging from 1.95 to 7.81 µg/mL outperformed all other compounds, including the widely used antibiotic Streptomycin. Furthermore, the docking study provided evidence supporting the validity of the antimicrobial results, since the Ni complex showed superior binding affinity against to E. coli NAD synthetase, which had a docking score (−7.61 kcal/mol)