Restrict Nearly Semiprime Submodule

أثناء هذا البحث، تكون جميع الحلقات تبادلية وجميع الوحدات أحادية. في هذا البحث، قدمنا ​​مفهوم تقييد الوحدات الفرعية شبه الأولية تقريبًا كتعميم للوحدات الفرعية شبه الأولية وإعطاء بعض الخصائص الأساسية والأمثلة والتشخيصات لهذه المفاهيم ووضعنا بعض الشروط الكافية على تقييد شبه أولي شبه أولي ليكون شبه رئيس.During this search all rings are commutative and all modules are unitary. In this search we introduced the concept of  Restrict Nearly semi-prime Sub-modules as generalization of  semi-prime Sub-modules and give some basic properties, examples and charactarizations of this concepts and stablished some sufficient conditions on Restrict Nearly semi-prime to be semi-prim

2-Maximal Submodules and Related Concepts.

"Throughout this paper R represents commutative ring with identity and M is unitary left R-module", the purpose of this paper is to study new concept (up to our knowledge) , named 2-maximal submodule which is a generalization of maximal submodule , "where a submodule N of an R-module M is called 2-maximal" submodul of M if and only if M/N is 2-regular R-module . Many characterizations and properties of 2-maximal submodules are given . Moreover we studied the behavior of 2-maximal submodule in some classes of module . Finally we give the sufficient condition 2-maximal submodules to be semi-maximal weak-maximal submodules are introduced

Risk Prediction of Sinkhole Occurrence for Different Subsurface Soil Profiles due to Leakage from Underground Sewer and Water Pipelines

A sinkhole is a ground surface depression that may occur with or without any indications on the surface and often pose danger to both properties and people. Leakage from underground pipe mains in urban areas may cause sudden ground subsidence or sinkholes. For a long time, researchers have been working on the hazard and risk assessment of sinkhole formation, especially natural sinkholes. However, much less work has been done on risk prediction and the mechanism of manmade sinkholes. In this study, different versions of small-scale sinkhole physical models were used in experiments to monitor ground surface settlement or collapse due to leakage from an underground pipeline. The factors under consideration were the type of subsurface soil profile, type of water flow, and leakage position in the pipeline. The ultimate goal was to use this information to predict the risk of sinkhole occurrence due to leakage from sewer or water pipelines under different subsurface soil conditions. The experimental results and statistical analysis showed that the subsurface soil strata conditions dominated the mechanism of sinkhole occurrence, although other factors also have contributed to the settlement. Then, this analysis was used to predict the sinkhole risk level under different conditions. The development of a reliable sinkhole risk prediction system can potentially minimize the risk to human lives and infrastructure. These findings can be applied to the development of a sinkhole risk index (SRI) that considers various other factors influencing sinkhole occurrence

Restrict Nearly Primary Submodules

In this work, all rings under consideration will be Supposedly to be commutative with nonzero identity and all modules will be nonzero unital. this work we investigate some properties of Restrict Nearly primary submodule as new generalization of primary sub module and strong form of Approximaitly primary submodule and stablished some sufficient conditions on Restrict Nearly primary to be primary. Also, we give necessarily condition on Approximaitly primary to be Restrict Nearly primary. In addition to we give several characterizations of Restrict Nearly primary submodule in class of multiplication modules

A Review of Underground Pipeline Leakage and Sinkhole Monitoring Methods Based on Wireless Sensor Networking

Major metropolitan cities worldwide have extensively invested to secure utilities and build state-of-the-art infrastructure related to underground fluid transportation. Sewer and water pipelines make our lives extremely convenient when they function appropriately. However, leakages in underground pipe mains causes sinkholes and drinking-water scarcity. Sinkholes are the complex problems stemming from the interaction of leaked water and ground. The aim of this work is to review the existing methods for monitoring leakage in underground pipelines, the sinkholes caused by these leakages, and the viability of wireless sensor networking (WSN) for monitoring leakages and sinkholes. Herein, the authors have discussed the methods based on different objectives and their applicability via various approaches—(1) patent analysis; (2) web-of-science analysis; (3) WSN-based pipeline leakage and sinkhole monitoring. The study shows that the research on sinkholes due to leakages in sewer and water pipelines by using WSN is still in a premature stage and needs extensive investigation and research contributions. Additionally, the authors have suggested prospects for future research by comparing, analyzing, and classifying the reviewed methods. This study advocates collocating WSN, Internet of things, and artificial intelligence with pipeline monitoring methods to resolve the issues of the sinkhole occurrence

Potential of halophytes as cattle fodder : A case-study in Pakistan

Good quality water and arable land are needed to grow conventional crops to provide food for human and animal population. However, burgeoning world population leading to wide spread urbanization and industrialization is aggressively sharing these resources. A solution may be found in using saline water and salinized lands to produce quality animal feed from salt tolerant plants. In this study, two halophytic grasses (Panicum antid tale and Desmostachya bipinnata) were tested for their potential to replace conventional cattle fodder in the diet of cattle. Four trials were conducted in which cow calves were fed diets containing above mentioned halophytes alone or in combination with conventional fodders (wheat and maize). Weight gain in animals fed diets supplemented with halophytes were generally at par with or in few cases marginally better than those on conventional fodder. For instance, P. antid tale increased the calf weight around 15% when used as green and 8% in case of hay. Feeding Berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum, 15% crude protein) as the only source of concentrate in a diet containing D. bipinnata sustained weight only for about 6-7 weeks after which it started to decrease. Supplementing the diet with a regular concentrate was subsequently needed to restore weight gain. Halophytes as green/hay/concentrate were as good as conventional fodder regarding dressed meat. The protein content of meat was showing increasing trend when replacing conventional fodders with halophytes, particularly 20% protein was higher in meat when Prosopis juliflora pods and Manilkara zapota were used as concentrate and P. antidotale as hay in diet.Scopu