259 research outputs found

    Brand Building Sales Support for Purchasers in the Forest Bransch : a Case Study about Martinsons’s Skogshandbok

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    I takt mot ett fossilfritt samhĂ€lle blickar allt fler mot den förnybara skogsrĂ„varan. Skogsindustrin gĂ„r pĂ„ högvarv och konkurrensen hĂ„rdnar. Aldrig förr har marknadsföring varit sĂ„ aktuellt, och till den hör teorin om försĂ€ljning. I skogsbranschen utgör virkesköparen den sĂ€ljroll som ansvarar för kommunikationen mellan företaget och kunden, det vill sĂ€ga den enskilda skogsĂ€garen. Som virkesköpare köper du inte bara virke av en skogsĂ€gare, du sĂ€ljer ocksĂ„ ett vĂ€rdeerbjudande som ditt företag vill förmedla. Trots virkesköparens viktiga roll finns mycket lite forskning inom Ă€mnet och det saknas studier som pĂ„visar sĂ„vĂ€l behovet som utformning av sĂ€ljstöd som samtidigt styrker företagets varumĂ€rkesidentitet och vĂ€rdeerbjudande i denna bransch. Syftet med denna studie Ă€r att belysa och förklara vikten av varumĂ€rkesbyggande sĂ€ljstöd till virkesköpare i skogsbranschen, genom att studera kunskapsluckan som finns mellan teorier om sĂ€ljstöd och varumĂ€rkesidentitet, och framtagningen varumĂ€rkesbyggande sĂ€ljstöd till virkesköpare pĂ„ ett studerat företag. Studien Ă€r en induktiv interpretivistisk kvalitativ fallstudie, vilket innebĂ€r att endast ett fall studerats, med helt unika förutsĂ€ttningar som uppstĂ„tt endast nu vid ett enda tillfĂ€lle, utan mĂ„l om att dra slutsatser om en stor population. Studien studerar en sĂ€rskild hĂ€ndelse och med den som utgĂ„ngspunkt funnit samband och mönster med teorin. Resultatet Ă€r tolkningsinriktat och som interpretivist har författaren minimerat avstĂ„ndet mellan sig sjĂ€lv och det som studeras för att fĂ„ en sĂ„ nyanserad bild som möjligt. Den kvalitativa fallstudien inriktar sig pĂ„ företaget Martinsons dĂ€r ett varumĂ€rkesbyggande sĂ€ljstöd tagits fram som en följd av denna studie. Resultatet av denna studie visar att skogsbranschen, precis som mĂ„nga andra industribranscher, ligger efter vad det gĂ€ller varumĂ€rkesutveckling. Allt fler industriföretag börjar dock anamma varumĂ€rkesstrategier för att fortsatt vara konkurrenskraftiga i en förĂ€nderlig vĂ€rld, vilket ocksĂ„ sker i skogsbranschen. Det finns skĂ€l att tro att detta förĂ€ndras tack vare den ökade potentialen i skogsrĂ„varan. Ju hĂ„rdare konkurrensen blir, desto viktigare Ă€r det att bygga ett starkt varumĂ€rke, och ju tydligare varumĂ€rkespersonlighet, desto starkare band knyter företagets kunder till varumĂ€rket vilket alltsĂ„ motiverar att Martinsons Skogshandbok Ă€r ett strategiskt klokt beslut som ligger rĂ€tt i tiden. Att Martinsons beslut om att ta fram Skogshandboken med syftet att bygga varumĂ€rket och hjĂ€lpa virkesköparna, var gott och styrks av teorin. Slutresultatet blev ett 24 sidor lĂ„ngt hĂ€fte som grundades i Skogsstyrelsens senaste rekommendationer om skogsskötsel. Martinsons beslut om att samarbeta inom skogsavdelningen för att ta fram Skogshandboken stöds ocksĂ„ av teorin. Studien implicerar att om virkesköpare Ă€r skogsbranschens motsvarighet till sĂ€ljare, och om skogsbranschen Ă€r i en förĂ€nderlig fas dĂ€r bĂ„de intresset för rĂ„varan och konkurrensen om den ökar, sĂ„ finns det vetenskapligt belagda skĂ€l att skapa varumĂ€rkesbyggande sĂ€ljstöd till sina virkesköpare.As the world is looking for possibility to change towards a fossil free society, the looks are turning towards the renewable forest material. The forest industry is blooming and the competition gets higher. Never before has marketing been so up to date, and with marketing comes sales. The salesperson in the forest industry is personified by the ”virkesköpare” or ”timber purchaser”, responsible for the personal interaction between the company and the customer. As a purchaser, you are not just buying timber, you are selling a value that your company is mediating. Despite the importance of the purchaser, research is lacking within the subject of sales support that reinforces the brand identity and value offering. The purpose of this study is to fill the gap between theories about sales support and brand identity, and brand building sales support materials for purchaser in the forest industry. Thereby the knowledge and understanding of sales support in this bransch will increase. This study is an inductive interpretive quality case study, which mean that only one case, whit unique prerequisites that is depending on this very moment, has been studied whiteout the purposes of making vast conclusions. The study is focused to one singular turning of event, and with that as a starting point finding theories within the subject of choice. The result is highly interpretative and as an interpretivist the author has strived to minimize the gap between herself and the studied case in order to get as well-informed understanding as possible. The qualitative case study is based on the Swedish company Martinsons, where a brand building sales support material was created as a result of this study. The results showed that the forest industry, just like many other industry-based branches, are far behind in the strategic brand building development. But as the world is changing, so is these branches, in order to keep their position on the market. There are strong reasons to believe that the forest industry will turn its focus to this as the potential of the raw forest material is increasing. The harder the competition gets, the more important it gets to have a strong brand and a distinct brand identity that the customer can relate to. This motivates that Martinsons decision of creating the Skogshandbok was a good strategic move. The decision of making the Skogshandbok, with the purpose to build the brand and support the purchasers, was continuously supported with the theories. The final result of the Skogshandbok was a 24 pages booklet, and was built on the latest recommendations of Skogsstyrelsen. The study implies that there are good reasons to invest in the business brand. As the branch is changing, where competition is increasing, there are also good reason to believe that the working burden lied on the purchaser will extend, and so the importance of sales support materials will increase. Finally, supposing that the wooden purchaser is the forest branch counterpart to the traditional salesperson, there are quotations that the need for brand building sales support materials in the forest industry branch will increase

    SkogsvÄrd hos privata skogsÀgare

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    Many participants in the Swedish timber market procure raw material from private forest owners. They often also offer forest services to ensure reforestation after final felling. Selling silviculture services can be a part of creating a long term relationship with the landowner for future timber purchases. The Swedish Forest Agency monitors forest rejuvenation results in the entire country. In the latest survey (2006 - 2008) the proportion of approved regeneration area was 78%. Pass rate was slightly lower for individual owners than for others. In Svealand, where the study was held, the results have increased steadily over time. The most common regeneration methods are planting and natural regeneration. Previous studies (Jansson, 2004) shows that it is primarily forest owner's commitment and ambition that will determine how successful the rejuvenation will be. There is plenty of forest land in immediate need of precommercial thinning in the country. Precommercial thinning activities in the Swedish forests have declined substantially since the early - 1990s, the abolition of duty precommercial thinning and forest owner's lack of knowledge about the importance of precommercial thinning cited as some reasons. The purpose of this work is to investigate the private forest owners work with silviculture. Are there any measures taken to secure regrowth after final felling? Identify the regeneration methods used and to inquire who does what and also to get a picture of the current need for precommercial thinning. The work is a quantitative study conducted at Sveaskog in the region Svealand and is based on telephone interviews with 50 private forest owners. From what has emerged in the study it seems that the vast majority of the respondents have good control of their regeneration. Almost all respondents stated that they conducted or plan to do some re-growth measures. Scarification followed by planting is the most common method but it is not unusual that several methods are combined. There is some need of precommercial thinning but not so great. Forest owners are to a large extent self-involved with silviculture, especially with planting and precommercial thinning. Most people seek high economic returns in their forestry. The results were somewhat surprising since the vast majority seem to perform the necessary measures. Many were self-operating and reporting in detail how they worked, suggesting a separate engagement. Although fewer and fewer see the forest as part of their main source of income, it seems they still let the economy, to a large extent, direct their forestry. A great deal of commitment and 2 ambition also means that the vast majority of the regenerations should meet the legal requirement for passing the regeneration

    Incidence, dynamics, and prognostic value of acute kidney injury for death after cardiac surgery.

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    This study relates long-term mortality after cardiac surgery to different methods of measuring postoperative renal function, classified according to the Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss, and End-stage (RIFLE) criteria. The dynamics of acute kidney injury during hospital stay were studied by comparing renal function preoperatively, at its poorest measurement, and at discharge

    In-cylinder Surface Thermometry using Laser Induced Phosphorescence

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    Surface temperature in internal combustion engines is of high interest when studying heat losses. Two approaches for retrieving the surface temperatures are thermocouples and Laser Induced Phosphorescence, LIP. This study aims to analyze LIP as a technique for measuring surface temperature in internal combustion engines. The motivation for this study is the need for accurate surface temperatures which can be used by predictive models and increase knowledge about heat transfer. In this work LIP measurements have been carried out in two optical engines. In the first engine a thermographic phosphor was applied on top of a metal piston. The second engine was fitted with a quartz liner which was coated with phosphor material. Several coating thicknesses have been tested and the LIP temperature was extracted from both opposing sides of the phosphor. Both engines were run in HCCI mode with reference fuels and electrically heated air. In a previous publication, the authors showed that a layer of phosphor can show different temperatures i.e. a higher temperature on the side facing the cylinder gas than on the side facing the wall. In this study it is shown which thickness is needed to accurately present the temperature for typical engine combustion. With an increasing thickness of the phosphor material, the surface gets gradually insulated and the phosphor temperature reading becomes inaccurate. LIP measurements from a quartz ring and a metal piston have been compared and the temperature increase during combustion is similar although the heat conductivity of quartz is 40-200 times smaller than the metal piston. Measurements with thermocouples often show a lower temperature increase than what is seen in the LIP results. The difference in heat conductivity between the phosphor coating and the underlying surface is of importance for understanding what temperature is actually measured

    Preoperative and perioperative use of levosimendan in cardiac surgery: European expert opinion

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    In cardiac surgery, postoperative low cardiac output has been shown to correlate with increased rates of organ failure and mortality. Catecholamines have been the standard therapy for many years, although they carry substantial risk for adverse cardiac and systemic effects, and have been reported to be associated with increased mortality. On the other hand, the calcium sensitiser and potassium channel opener levosimendan has been shown to improve cardiac function with no imbalance in oxygen consumption, and to have protective effects in other organs. Numerous clinical trials have indicated favourable cardiac and non-cardiac effects of preoperative and perioperative administration of levosimendan. A panel of 27 experts from 18 countries has now reviewed the literature on the use of levosimendan in on-pump and off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting and in heart valve surgery. This panel discussed the published evidence in these various settings, and agreed to vote on a set of questions related to the cardioprotective effects of levosimendan when administered preoperatively, with the purpose of reaching a consensus on which patients could benefit from the preoperative use of levosimendan and in which kind of procedures, and at which doses and timing should levosimendan be administered. Here, we present a systematic review of the literature to report on the completed and ongoing studies on levosimendan, including the newly commenced LEVO-CTS phase III study (NCT02025621), and on the consensus reached on the recommendations proposed for the use of preoperative levosimendan

    The restorative role of annexin A1 at the blood–brain barrier

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    Annexin A1 is a potent anti-inflammatory molecule that has been extensively studied in the peripheral immune system, but has not as yet been exploited as a therapeutic target/agent. In the last decade, we have undertaken the study of this molecule in the central nervous system (CNS), focusing particularly on the primary interface between the peripheral body and CNS: the blood–brain barrier. In this review, we provide an overview of the role of this molecule in the brain, with a particular emphasis on its functions in the endothelium of the blood–brain barrier, and the protective actions the molecule may exert in neuroinflammatory, neurovascular and metabolic disease. We focus on the possible new therapeutic avenues opened up by an increased understanding of the role of annexin A1 in the CNS vasculature, and its potential for repairing blood–brain barrier damage in disease and aging

    Effects of Anacetrapib in Patients with Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease

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    BACKGROUND: Patients with atherosclerotic vascular disease remain at high risk for cardiovascular events despite effective statin-based treatment of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels. The inhibition of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) by anacetrapib reduces LDL cholesterol levels and increases high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels. However, trials of other CETP inhibitors have shown neutral or adverse effects on cardiovascular outcomes. METHODS: We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial involving 30,449 adults with atherosclerotic vascular disease who were receiving intensive atorvastatin therapy and who had a mean LDL cholesterol level of 61 mg per deciliter (1.58 mmol per liter), a mean non-HDL cholesterol level of 92 mg per deciliter (2.38 mmol per liter), and a mean HDL cholesterol level of 40 mg per deciliter (1.03 mmol per liter). The patients were assigned to receive either 100 mg of anacetrapib once daily (15,225 patients) or matching placebo (15,224 patients). The primary outcome was the first major coronary event, a composite of coronary death, myocardial infarction, or coronary revascularization. RESULTS: During the median follow-up period of 4.1 years, the primary outcome occurred in significantly fewer patients in the anacetrapib group than in the placebo group (1640 of 15,225 patients [10.8%] vs. 1803 of 15,224 patients [11.8%]; rate ratio, 0.91; 95% confidence interval, 0.85 to 0.97; P=0.004). The relative difference in risk was similar across multiple prespecified subgroups. At the trial midpoint, the mean level of HDL cholesterol was higher by 43 mg per deciliter (1.12 mmol per liter) in the anacetrapib group than in the placebo group (a relative difference of 104%), and the mean level of non-HDL cholesterol was lower by 17 mg per deciliter (0.44 mmol per liter), a relative difference of -18%. There were no significant between-group differences in the risk of death, cancer, or other serious adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with atherosclerotic vascular disease who were receiving intensive statin therapy, the use of anacetrapib resulted in a lower incidence of major coronary events than the use of placebo. (Funded by Merck and others; Current Controlled Trials number, ISRCTN48678192 ; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01252953 ; and EudraCT number, 2010-023467-18 .)

    Att arbeta med lÀsning -vÀgen till att uppnÄ mÄlen om lÀsning i kursplanen för svenska

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    I vÄr studie har vi undersökt hur man arbetar med lÀsningen i en mÄngkulturell skola kontra en homogen skola med en majoritet av barn med svenska som modersmÄl. Vi har tittat pÄ hur man som pedagog arbetar för att hjÀlpa eleverna att nÄ mÄlen i svenska i Ärskurs 3 och 5, samt hur eleverna upplever de olika arbetssÀtten. Vi upplever det som att arbetet med lÀsningen i dagens skola blir Äsidosatt och att arbetet tenderar att sakna en genomtÀnkt pedagogisk tanke, detta Àr enligt oss problematiskt. VÄr undersökning tar upp frÄgor om hur mÄlen i kursplanen ska nÄs och hur man pÄ bÀsta vis skapar hjÀlpmedel för eleverna att nÄ dit. Vi har genomfört enkÀtundersökningar pÄ eleverna för att fÄ en bild av hur de upplever lÀsning i skolan. DÀrefter har vi intervjuat fyra pedagoger (klasslÀrarna till de elever som deltog i enkÀtundersökningen eleverna) om hur de jobbar med lÀsning och hur de anser sig nÄ mÄlen i kursplanen. EnkÀterna lÄg till grund för intervjuerna. Vi har kunnat se att pedagogernas och elevernas syn pÄ lÀsning stÀmmer ganska vÀl överens. Pedagogernas arbetssÀtt och pedagogiska grundtanke Àr i elevernas ögon positivt och givande. Vi har i vÄr litteraturgenomgÄng stött pÄ undervisning med lÀsning som enligt undersökarna har saknat en didaktisk medvetenhet och i vissa fall har upplevts som lösryckt och meningslös. Detta var nÄgot vi inte upplevde under vÄr studie pÄ vÄra specifika undersökningsskolor. De didaktiska konsekvenserna blir att man fÄr elever med god lÀsförmÄga och lÀsförstÄelse, elever som kan tolka, analysera och vara kritisk till olika texters budskap. Den didaktiska konsekvensen vi personligen fÄtt av detta arbete Àr att vi numera fÄtt en bredare didaktisk repertoar med fler och bÀttre verktyg i vÄr lÀsundervisning. Vi anser att om man inte arbetar aktivt med lÀsningen kan man möjligtvis fÄ elever som fÄr en platt och meningslös lÀsning och Àven möjliga problem i sin kommande studiegÄng. Vi har belyst vÄrt undersökningsresultat med det sociokulturella perspektivet det vill sÀga hur man som individ i en grupp kan gynnas av ett gemensamt arbete med sprÄket i fokus dÄ det kommer till lÀsning. Under tidigare verksamhetsförlagda utbildningsperioder har vi ibland kunnat se hur lÀsningen blir ett enbart individuellt enskilt arbete. Vi ville undersöka hur lÀsningen i skolan förhÄller sig och om man eventuellt jobbar mer sociokulturellt Àn vad vi har upplevt. Det vi kom fram till var att sÄ var fallet, man arbetade mycket med boksamtal, grupplÀsning och reflekterande lÀsning till vÄr stora glÀdje

    Reduction of power losses in drivetrain : A simulation model of the wheel axle in construction equipment

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    Med ökad fokus pÄ miljöpÄverkan och brÀnsleekonomi vill Volvo Construction Equipment öka verkningsgraden pÄ sina anlÀggningsmaskiner. PÄ avdelningen för drivlineutveckling jobbar man bland annat med att sÀnka förlusterna i vÀxellÄda och hjulaxel pÄ hjullastare och dumper. För att underlÀtta detta arbete har en simuleringsmodell som beskriver förluster i hjulaxlar tagits fram. Denna rapport beskriver framtagning av modellen, verifiering av modellen och vilka framtida anvÀndningsomrÄden modellen lÀmpar sig för. Simuleringsmodellen Àr uppbyggd av ett antal komponentmodeller. Komponentmodellerna innehÄller formler för respektive komponent i hjulaxeln. Formlerna Àr tagna frÄn ingenjörshandböcker, vetenskapliga artiklar och internt arbete pÄ Volvo Construction Equipment. Bromsar, kuggvÀxlar, lager och tÀtningar Àr de komponenter i hjulaxeln som har studerats. De variabler som anvÀnds i simuleringsmodellen Àr oljans viskositet, oljenivÄ i broms och centrum- och planetvÀxel, diameter och bredd pÄ kugghjul och bromslamell, ingÄende varvtal och moment frÄn kardanaxel, förspÀnningsmoment i lager samt maskinvikt. Matlab/Simulink Àr de program som har anvÀnts för att bygga modellen. Verifiering av simuleringsmodellen har gjorts genom att jÀmföra simuleringsresultat mot provningsresultat frÄn tidigare gjorda riggkörningar pÄ Volvo Construction Equipment. DÄ majoriteten av provningsresultaten kommer frÄn riggkörningar utan bromsande moment Àr det endast de momentoberoende förlusterna som kunnat verifieras. Framtida riggkörningar med varierad hastighet och bromsande moment rekommenderas för att förstÄ och kunna verifiera de momentberoende förlusterna. Omplacering av bromsar till hjulnaven och en plÄtkonstruktion vid centrumvÀxeln som sÀnker oljenivÄn Àr tvÄ förslag som kan ge en förlustsÀnkning i hjulaxeln. Med hjÀlp av simuleringsmodellen kan man uppskatta hur stor förlustsÀnkningen blir för bÄda idéerna och dÀrefter rangordna dem. PÄ detta sÀtt kan modellen vara ett vÀrdefullt verktyg för att vÀlja ut förslag som ska gÄ vidare i projekt. DÄ detta Àr en offentlig rapport Àr inga kÀnsliga data eller referenser till interna publikationer pÄ Volvo CE presenterade. För att kunna visa grafer har skalor och vÀrden pÄ axlar tagits bort.As a result of giving more attention on environmental impact and fuel economy, Volvo Construction Equipment wants to increase the efficiency of their products. The department of Drivetrain Development is working on minimizing the power losses in axles and gearboxes of wheel-loaders and haulers. A simulation model of the wheel-loader axle has been developed to assist in this work. This report describes the development and verification of the model and also in what areas the model can be most useful. The simulation model is built up of component models, containing formulas that describe the power losses of a specific component. The formulas originate from engineering handbooks, scientific articles and internal studies at Volvo Construction Equipment. The studied components are brakes, gears, bearings and seals. Used variables in the simulation model are the viscosity of the oil, the level of oil in the brakes and the planetary and spiral bevel gears, the diameter and width of brake lamellas and gears, rotational speed, torque, prestress moment of bearings and also the weight of the vehicle. The computer programs used are Matlab and Simulink. The verification of the simulation model was done by comparing results from the simulation with actual results from previously made tests. Almost all of the previous tests have been done without braking-torque, resulting in very little data useable for verifying the formulas with torque dependence. More testing of the axle with variable braking-torque and rotational speed are recommended in order to study and learn the behavior of these torque dependent power losses. Placement of the brakes in the wheel-hub and a plate design in the spiral bevel gear to lower the oil level are two ideas for reduction of the power losses in the axle of wheel-loaders. In the simulation model the two ideas can be simulated and the power losses estimated. The ideas can thereby be ranked and in this manner the simulation model can be a powerful assisting tool in choosing which idea that will proceed to be developed further in a project. This is a public report and for that reason sensitive data and references to internal publications at Volvo CE are not presented. Values at axes are not shown as to be able to show graphs

    WHO WILL WIN THE RACE? A study of coverage of the 2015 U.K. General Election

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    Uppsats/Examensarbete: 15 hp Program och/eller kurs: Examenkurs i Medie-och kommunikationsvetenskap. Institutionen för journalistik, medier och kommunikation (JMG), Göteborgs Universitet NivÄ: GrundnivÄ Termin/Är: Vt 2016 Handledare: Nicklas HÄkansson Examinator: Jenny Wiik Rapport nr: 673 Syfte: Syftet med denna studie Àr att ta reda pÄ hur tre brittiska dagstidningar beskrev 2015 Ärs valkampanj och vad det kan tÀnkas beror pÄ. Teori: Den teoretiska basen för den hÀr studien bestÄr av framing teorin som ska undersöka hur Àmnen, hÀndelser och aktörer beskrivs. Sedan kommer storytelling att anvÀndas för att kunna peka ut olika narrativa mönster i datan samt de undersökta texterna. Metod: Kvantitativ innehÄllsanalys kombinerat med kvalitativ semiotisk analys Resultat: Resultatet visade att i alla nyhetsartiklar, totalt 570, i de undersökta tidningarna dominerade Àmnen och hÀndelser som behandlade sjÀlva kampanj processen, sÄ kallad game-framing. Policy-framing, alltsÄ att rapporteringen fokuseras pÄ sakfrÄgor var det desto mindre av. Dessutom visade resultatet att politiska aktörer nÀmndes mest frekvent överlag och partiledarna för de tvÄ största partierna nÀmndes mest i synnerhet. SÀttet pÄ vilket partiledarna var i fokus tydde starkt pÄ en överordnad game-frame. Hur de och deras andra partiledarkollegor beskrevs visade pÄ tydliga tecken av personifiering. De bÄda analyserna kunde ocksÄ visa pÄ en viss skevhet i rapporteringen. De olika tidningarna lÀt sina politiska sympatier skina igenom deras bevakning mer eller mindre
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