Induction of interleukin-8 in lung epithelial cells by Gram negative bacteria and its modulation by pulmonary surfactant lipids.

The surfactants did not inhibit IL-8 induced by IL-1[Special character omitted.] in A549 cells suggesting that they act at the level of the LPS receptor complex. Disruption of membrane micro-domains ('rafts') with methyl-[Special character omitted.]-cyclodextrin significantly inhibited bacteria and LPS induced IL-8 in A549 cells. Isolation of membrane raft containing fractions by sucrose density gradient ultra-centrifugation showed that TLR4 is recruited into membrane lipid rafts on cell stimulation with the bacteria or LPS. The surfactants inhibited the bacterial and LPS mediated translocation of TLR4 into raft domains suggesting that their mechanism of action involves inhibition of LPS receptor complex formation in lipid raft domains

HEPATITIS C VIRUS GENOTYPING IN CHRONIC HEPATITIS C PATIENTS

Chronic hepatitis C virus infection is a massive worldwide healthcare burden with estimated costs in the USA alone of over $5 billon per annum. The virus has a 9.5kb positive sense single-stranded RNA genome with striking heterogeneity between isolates, which has led to it being divided into 6 genotypes and more than 50 subtypes and many quasispecies that has been arisen due to the infidelity of the viral polymerase, which lacks of a proofreading function. The virus exists as a range of related but not identical species at the quasispecies. In each infected individual, HCV circulates as a quasispecies in which the population consists of a number of closely related but distinct genetic species. The distribution of the genotype might be influenced by the mode of transmission and racial group. The only current effective treatment is combination therapy with pegylated interferon plus ribavirin (peg-IFNα + RBV) for 24–48 weeks based for genotypes 1 and 4 is 48 weeks, whereas the treatment for genotypes 2 and 3 is completed in 24 weeks. It has proved effective in up to 50% of those infected with HCV genotype 1 and 4 and it varies with other genotypes. HCV genotype is consider to be a clinically important parameter for determining both; the potential response and the duration of treatment.

Applications of sensory and physiological measurement in oral‐facial dental pain

Dentists regularly employ a variety of self‐report and sensory techniques to aid in the diagnosis and treatment of tooth‐related disease. Many of these techniques leverage principles borrowed from psychophysics, the quantitative measurement of the relationship between stimuli and evoked sensations, which falls under the larger umbrella of quantitative sensory testing (QST). However, most clinicians fail to meet the bar for what could be considered quantitative sensory testing, and instead focus on qualitative and dichotomous “yes/no” aspects of sensory experience. With our current subjective measurements for pain assessments, diagnosis and treatment of dental pain in young children and individuals (any age) with severe cognitive impairment rely extensively on third‐party observations. Consequently, the limitation of inadequate pain diagnosis can lead to poor pain management. In this review, it discusses mechanisms that underlie acute and chronic dental pain. It details the measurement of somatosensory responses and pulpal blood flow as objective measures of tooth health and pain. It proposes that bridging these varied methodologies will significantly improve diagnosis and treatment of orofacial pain and pathology. It concludes that improving the precision of sensory measurements could yield important improvements in diagnostic challenges in pulpal pathology for noncommunicative and cognitively impaired individuals.Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/146659/1/scd12323.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/146659/2/scd12323_am.pd

Induction of interleukin-8 in lung epithelial cells by Gram negative bacteria and its modulation by pulmonary surfactant lipids

The surfactants did not inhibit IL-8 induced by IL-1[Special character omitted.] in A549 cells suggesting that they act at the level of the LPS receptor complex. Disruption of membrane micro-domains ('rafts') with methyl-[Special character omitted.]-cyclodextrin significantly inhibited bacteria and LPS induced IL-8 in A549 cells. Isolation of membrane raft containing fractions by sucrose density gradient ultra-centrifugation showed that TLR4 is recruited into membrane lipid rafts on cell stimulation with the bacteria or LPS. The surfactants inhibited the bacterial and LPS mediated translocation of TLR4 into raft domains suggesting that their mechanism of action involves inhibition of LPS receptor complex formation in lipid raft domains.EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo

The role of elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT), FasL and atherogenic dyslipidemia in type II diabetes mellitus

أهداف البحث: أظهرت العديد من الدراسات المقطعية والمستقبلية علاقة داء السكري من النوع الثاني كمسبب محتمل للإصابة بمرض الكبد الدهني غير الكحولي المصحوب بالتليف والتشمع. يهدف البحث إلى دراسة مستويات الترانساميناسات الأمينية في البلازما كمؤشرات حيوية في مرض الكبد الدهني غير الكحولي وعلاقتها بكل من مؤشرات موت الخلايا المبرمج ( فاس و فاس لجن ) ومستوى الدهون في الدم في مرضى داء السكري من النوع الثاني. طرق البحث: شملت هذه الدراسة المقطعية المقارنة ١٢٠ من مرضى داء السكري من النوع الثاني و١٠٠ مريض لا يعانون من داء السكري٬ وتمت دراسة مؤشراتهم الحيوية المُعرَّفة. النتائج: أظهرت النتائج بأن متوسط مستويات ألانين أماينوترانسفريز والفاس لجن ونسبة الدهون الثلاثية إلى البروتين الدهني عالي الكثافة٬ كان أعلى بدرجة واضحة في مرضى داء السكري من النوع الثاني. واعتمادا على مؤشر التصلب في البلازما (لوغارثم نسبة الدهون الثلاثية إلى البروتين الدهني عالي الكثافة)٬ فإن ما يقارب ٤٥٪ من مرضى داء السكري كانوا في خطورة عالية، و١١٪ كانوا في خطورة متوسطة للإصابة بأمراض القلب والأوعية الدموية. كان مستوى ألانين أماينوترانسفريز مرتبط بشكل واضح وإيجابي مع مستويات كل من الفاس لجن والدهون الثلاثية والجلوكوز ومؤشر كتلة الجسم في مرضى داء السكري. إضافة إلى ذلك فإن مستوى الدهون الثلاثية كان مرتبطا بصورة إيجابية مع كل من مستوى الجلوكوز ومؤشر كتلة الجسم في حين ارتبط البروتين الدهني عالي الكثافة بصورة سلبية مع مستوى كل من الفاس لجن وألانين أماينوترانسفريز. الاستنتاجات: أوضحت نتائج هذه الدراسة بأنه في مرضى داء السكري فإن ارتفاع مستويات ألانين أماينوترانسفريز والفاس لجن قد يلعبان دورا في خطورة الإصابة بأمراض الكبد ويمكن استخدامهما كمؤشر مستقل لمرض الكبد الدهني غير الكحولي مشيرا إلى إصابة الكبد. إضافة إلى ذلك فإن اضطراب دهون الدم المسببة لتصلب الشرايين هو خاصية بارزة في داء السكري من النوع الثاني. يرتبط انخفاض مستوى البروتين الدهني عالي الكثافة وارتفاع مستوى الدهون الثلاثية ارتباطا وثيقا بزيادة خطورة الإصابة بكل من أمراض القلب والأوعية الدموية ومرض الكبد الدهني غير الكحولي عند مرضى داء السكري

Preliminary study of community-acquired Staphylococcus aureus infection in Manaus Hospital, Amazonia Region, Brazil Estudo preliminar das infeccões por Staphylococcus aureus na comunidade de um Hospital em Manaus, Região do Amazonas, Brasil

Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus is considered a public health problem with a strong potential for dissemination and high rates of morbidity and mortality. In this study we describe bacteriological and epidemiological characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus in Manaus (Amazon region). During the one-year study period (2000-2001), sixteen cases of acute pyogenic multiple abscess were evaluated. Community-acquired S. aureus was identified as causative agent in 10 (62.5%) patients. The strains tested with antimicrobials by discs diffusion method, exhibited a high rate of sensitivity to cephalexin (100%), erythromycin (90%). Oxacillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus was 90%. No isolate was resistant to Vancomycin. To our knowledge, no series of community-acquired Staphylococcus aureus in Manaus hospital has been published. Our partial results showed a high rate of antimicrobial sensitivity among community-acquired Staphylococcus aureus in the hospital of Tropical Medicine Institute of Manaus, Amazon Region.<br>O Staphylococcus aureus resistente a meticilina é considerado como um problema na saúde publica por seu grande potencial de disseminação e altas porcentagens de morbidade e mortalidade. No estudo descrevemos as características bacteriológicas e epidemiológicas do Staphylococcus aureus na cidade de Manaus. No período de um ano (2000-2001) avaliou-se dezesseis casos de abscessos piogênicos múltiplos. Em 10 (62,5%) doentes o agente causal foi identificado como Staphylococcus aureus adquirido na comunidade O estudo das bacterias isoladas frente aos diferentes antimicrobianos, seguindo o método de difusão em disco, mostrou boa sensibilidade a cefalexina (100%) e eritromicina (90%). Noventa porcento dos Staphylococcus aureus isolados foram sensíveis ao oxacilina. Nenhum dos isolados mostrou ser resistente a Vancomicina. Não temos informações sobre publicações dos Staphylococcus aureus adquiridos na comunidade em hospitais de Manaus. Nossos resultados parciais mostram uma alta sensibilidade dos Staphylococcus aureus adquiridos na comunidade aos antimicrobianos, em pacientes internados no Instituto de Medicina Tropical do Manaus, na Região da Amazônia brasileira