Desempe?o y estructura de capital en las empresas familiares

En la actualidad, la empresa familiar es la forma predominante de organizaci?n empresarial en el Per?, pero esto no significa que este tipo de empresa logre mejores resultados que las empresas no familiares, en raz?n de que lo que se busca en un negocio o empresa es el mayor beneficio para el accionista. Al respecto, es prop?sito de esta investigaci?n determinar si en el mercado peruano existen diferencias entre las empresas familiares y las no familiares en cuanto a sus resultados (rendimientos), y si la estructura de capital de ambos tipos de empresa, familiar y no familiar, presentan diferencias sustanciales. En el primer cap?tulo se revisa la literatura relacionada con el desempe?o de las empresas y su estructura de capital, buscando determinar si hay diferencias que puedan explicarse por el tipo de empresa: familiar o no familiar. Con este objetivo se analizan modelos propuestos por diversos autores para formular un modelo adecuado que permita estudiar la relaci?n entre desempe?o y empresa familiar para el caso del Per?. El segundo cap?tulo presenta la formulaci?n del modelo y las hip?tesis enunciadas que permitir?n determinar si las empresas familiares son m?s rentables que las no familiares y si ambos tipos de empresa difieren tambi?n en su comportamiento respecto a la relaci?n deuda/capital. Luego se procede a recolectar los datos mediante el software financiero Bloomberg y se validan las hip?tesis con un an?lisis de regresi?n. Finalmente, en las conclusiones se analizan los resultados obtenidos, con lo que se contribuye al debate sobre el tema en menci?n

Glucose and other hexoses transporters in marine invertebrates: A mini review

Abstract Glucose and related hexoses are very important metabolic substrates. Their most important function is to provide quick fuel for most organisms in all three kingdoms because they are the first substrate for energy production in the form of ATP through glycolysis and the subsequent metabolic pathways. In this paper we review the current information about how glucose and related hexoses are transported across biological membranes to carry out their function either as a metabolic molecule or as energy store in marine invertebrate organisms. In these animals, there are two sugar transport systems that are mediated by the sodium/solute symporter family proteins (SGLT) and the major facilitative super-family proteins (GLUT). The most studied sugar transporters in marine invertebrates are involved with dietary sugar uptake, such as SGLT1, SGLT4, GLUT2 and GLUT5, however more studies need to be done to extend the knowledge about these and other sugar transporters involved in metabolic processes

Plan de negocios para la constituci?n de comunidad de t?cnicos

El presente plan de negocio consiste en contactar jefes de hogar de Lima Moderna con especialistas t?cnicos (gasfiter?a, electricidad, cerrajer?a y carpinter?a) y de limpieza a trav?s de una plataforma digital llamada Ayni-Tec. La oferta valor del negocio se basa en brindar un servicio de calidad, seguridad y disponibilidad, atributos valorados por los jefes de hogar. Adicional a ello, podr?n realizar el seguimiento, reserva y calificaci?n al personal. Para lograr fidelizar al especialista t?cnico y de limpieza, se brindar? capacitaciones, talleres, y la posibilidad de pertenecer a una comunidad de t?cnicos luego de un riguroso proceso de evaluaci?n. Para el ?xito del proyecto se recomienda realizar una marcha blanca, con la finalidad que t?cnicos y personal de limpieza confirmen la promesa de Ayni-Tec de contar con nuevos clientes. El proyecto es viable econ?micamente ya que cuenta con una rentabilidad superior a la tasa de retorno requerida por los accionistas

Estructuraci?n econ?mica y financiera de un instrumento de participaci?n en negocios forestales : el caso de la teca en la regi?n San Mart?n

El Per? tiene unas condiciones naturales que le otorgan una gran biodiversidad e importante riqueza biol?gica, hecho que genera ventajas comparativas en sectores como el forestal. Este libro analiza el caso espec?fico del ?rbol de teca, cuya siembra es favorecida por el clima propicio de nuestro pa?s y cuya madera, clasificada como frondosa tropical, se caracteriza por su solidez, resistencia, trabajabilidad y calidades est?ticas. Considerando que, seg?n la FAO (Organizaci?n de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentaci?n y la Agricultura), existe un aumento de la demanda mundial de madera y una disminuci?n de la oferta, el consiguiente incremento del precio hace que un proyecto de reforestaci?n sobre la base de la teca sea econ?micamente rentable en el largo plazo. De manera que, en la presente investigaci?n realizada para llevar a cabo un proyecto de negocio forestal, se ha seleccionado la teca como la m?s adecuada debido a su considerable horizonte de recuperaci?n de la inversi?n y su alto valor en el mercado. Adem?s, muchos inversionistas est?n buscando oportunidades de negocios m?s rentables que una cuenta de ahorros o alg?n otro producto financiero a largo plazo --como los bonos ajustados por riesgo-- en el mercado de capitales peruano. Por ello, este estudio tiene como objetivo principal estructurar un modelo de financiamiento para plantaciones de teca, empleando un certificado de participaci?n fiduciario dirigido a personas naturales que busquen una rentabilidad de largo plazo para su inversi?n. Con este trabajo se espera verificar la viabilidad t?cnica, econ?mica y financiera del proyecto en un horizonte de 24 a?os

Early and Highly Suppressive ART are Main Factors Associated with Low Viral Reservoir in European Perinatally HIV Infected Children

Abstract BACKGROUND: Future strategies aiming to achieve HIV-1 remission are likely to target individuals with small reservoir size. SETTING: We retrospectively investigated factors associated with HIV-1 DNA levels in European, perinatally HIV-infected children starting ART <6 months of age. METHODS: Total HIV-1 DNA was measured from 51 long-term suppressed children 6.3 years (median) after initial viral suppression. Factors associated with log10 total HIV-1 DNA were analyzed using linear regression. RESULTS: At ART initiation, children were aged median [IQR] 2.3 [1.2,4.1] months, CD4% 37 [24,45] %, CD8% 28 [18,36] %, log10 plasma viral load (VL) 5.4 [4.4,5.9] copies/ml. Time to viral suppression was 7.98 [4.6,19.3] months. Following suppression, 13 (25%) children had suboptimal response [ 652 consecutive VL50-400 followed by VL<50] and/or experienced periods of virological failure [ 652 consecutive VL 65400 followed by VL<50]. Median total HIV-1 DNA was 43 [6,195] copies/10 PBMC.Younger age at therapy initiation was associated with lower total HIV-1 DNA (adjusted coefficient [AC] 0.12 per month older, p=0.0091), with a month increase in age at ART start being associated with a 13% increase in HIV DNA. Similarly, a higher proportion of time spent virally suppressed (AC 0.10 per 10% higher, p=0.0022) and absence of viral failure/suboptimal response (AC 0.34 for those with fail/ suboptimal response, p=0.0483) were associated with lower total HIV-1 DNA. CONCLUSION: Early ART initiation and a higher proportion of time suppressed are linked with lower total HIV-1 DNA. Early ART start and improving adherence in perinatally HIV-1 infected children minimize the size of viral reservoir.This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial License 4.0 (CCBY-NC), where it is permissible to download, share, remix, transform, and buildup the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be used commercially without permission from the journal

Universal restrictions to the conversion of heat into work derived from the analysis of the Nernst theorem as a uniform limit

We revisit the relationship between the Nernst theorem and the Kelvin-Planck statement of the second law. We propose that the exchange of entropy uniformly vanishes as the temperature goes to zero. The analysis of this assumption shows that is equivalent to the fact that the compensation of a Carnot engine scales with the absorbed heat so that the Nernst theorem should be embedded in the statement of the second law. ----- Se analiza la relaci{\'o}n entre el teorema de Nernst y el enunciado de Kelvin-Planck del segundo principio de la termodin{\'a}mica. Se{\~n}alamos el hecho de que el cambio de entrop{\'\i}a tiende uniformemente a cero cuando la temperatura tiende a cero. El an{\'a}lisis de esta hip{\'o}tesis muestra que es equivalente al hecho de que la compensaci{\'o}n de una m{\'a}quina de Carnot escala con el calor absorbido del foco caliente, de forma que el teorema de Nernst puede derivarse del enunciado del segundo principio.Comment: 8pp, 4 ff. Original in english. Also available translation into spanish. Twocolumn format. RevTe

Adolesc?ncia e sa?de : indicadores do uso de ?lcool e outras drogas a partir de um estudo multic?ntrico.

Visando ampliar o conhecimento sobre as pr?ticas de risco de adolescentes do munic?pio de Lagoa Santa/MG, foi realizado um estudo multic?ntrico atrav?s do levantamento sistem?tico de informa??es que possam conduzir ou balizar a implementa??o de programas de promo??o ? sa?de para esta faixa et?ria. Para tal foi feito um estudo quantitativo a partir do instrumento de pesquisa Youth Risk Behaviour Survey (YBRS). Trata-se de um question?rio de autopreenchimento, abordando tem?ticas relacionadas ao consumo de subst?ncias (?lcool e outras drogas), h?bitos alimentares, pr?ticas sexuais, comportamento no tr?nsito, viol?ncia entre outros aspectos. Como resultado, espera-se contribuir com o tratamento de tem?ticas relevantes para a implementa??o de a??es de promo??o e preven??o ? sa?de, assim como colaborar com a produ??o de conhecimento sobre os comportamentos dos adolescentes e suas rela??es com a sa?de

Biofunctionalization of 3D printed collagen with bevacizumab-loaded microparticles targeting pathological angiogenesis

Pathological angiogenesis is a crucial attribute of several chronic diseases such as cancer, age-related macular degeneration, and osteoarthritis (OA). In the case of OA, pathological angiogenesis mediated by the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), among other factors, contributes to cartilage degeneration and to implants rejection. In line with this, the use of the anti-VEGF bevacizumab (BVZ) has been shown to prevent OA progression and support cartilage regeneration. The aim of this work was to functionalize a medical grade collagen with poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microparticles containing BVZ via three-dimensional (3D) printing to target pathological angiogenesis. First, the effect of several formulation parameters on the encapsulation and release of BVZ from PLGA microparticles was studied. Then, the anti-angiogenic activity of released BVZ was tested in a 3D cell model. The 3D printability of the microparticle-loaded collagen ink was tested by evaluating the shape fidelity of 3D printed structures. Results showed that the release and the encapsulation efficiency of BVZ could be tuned as a function of several formulation parameters. In addition, the released BVZ was observed to reduce vascularization by human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Finally, the collagen ink with embedded BVZ microparticles was successfully printed, leading to shape-stable meniscus-, nose- and auricle-like structures. Taken altogether, we defined the conditions for the successful combination of BVZ-loaded microparticles with the 3D printing of a medical grade collagen to target pathological angiogenesisThis project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No 814444 (MEFISTO). The authors thank mAbxience-GH Genhelix for the kind donation of Bevacizumab (Avastin®) and Geistlich Pharma AG for providing the medical grade collagen. AA acknowledges funding from “la Caixa” Foundation (ID 100010434) with a fellowship code LCF/BQ/PR22/11920003. RL acknowledges funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No. 949806, VOLUME-BIO). RL and JM acknowledge funding from the Dutch Artritis Foundation (LLP-12 and LLP-22)S

NUTRITIONAL COMPOSITION OF PROVENANCES AND PROGENY OF MATE ( Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil.) CULTIVADED IN DISTROFIC RED OXISOILS

Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil. \ue9 uma esp\ue9cie florestal de grande import\ue2ncia socioecon\uf4mica para os estados sulinos do Brasil. Objetivou-se com a presente pesquisa, avaliar o estado nutricional de proced\ueancias (Iva\ued- PR e Bar\ue3o de Cotegipe-RS) e suas respectivas prog\ueanies em Latossolo Vermelho distr\uf3fico, no munic\uedpio de Iva\ued \u2013 PR. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repeti\ue7\uf5es, tendo como tratamento duas proced\ueancias e cinco prog\ueanies. Analisaram-se os macronutrientes, micronutrientes, Al e Na. Os teores foliares de N, P, K, Ca e Mg foram considerados satisfat\uf3rios, sendo que os nutrientes N, P, Ca e Mg apresentaram diferen\ue7a significativa para ambas as proced\ueancias analisadas. Dentro das proced\ueancias, as prog\ueanies de Iva\ued, destacaram diferen\ue7a significativa para os nutrientes N, P, K, Ca e Mg. Por\ue9m, para as prog\ueanies de Bar\ue3o de Cotegipe, constatou-se diferen\ue7a significativa apenas para os teores de Ca e Mg. Para as duas proced\ueancias, os teores foliares de Fe, Cu e Mn foram considerados satisfat\uf3rios. A concentra\ue7\ue3o de Zn foi considerada baixa e a de B elevada. Os teores de Al foram considerados normais para a esp\ue9cie. Quanto ao Na, n\ue3o se observou diferen\ue7a significativa entre proced\ueancias. Os teores de Zn, Fe, Cu, bem como de Al e Na, diferiram estatisticamente entre as prog\ueanies de Bar\ue3o de Cotegipe e Iva\ued. A proced\ueancia de Iva\ued apresentou teores mais elevados tanto de macro como de micronutrientes, comparativamente \ue0 proced\ueancia de Bar\ue3o de Cotegipe, indicando que um programa de melhoramento gen\ue9tico poder\ue1 refletir significativamente na melhoria da qualidade da erva-mate com fins de qualidade nutricional humana. Comparando as m\ue9dias do peso da massa verde das proced\ueancias, h\ue1 ganho significativo da copa da proced\ueancia de Bar\ue3o de Cotegipe, o que n\ue3o \ue9 acompanhado pelo peso da massa seca de 100 folhas.Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil. is a forest species of great socioeconomic importance for the southern states of Brazil. This study aimed to assess the nutritional status of provenances (Iva\ued, in Paran\ue1 state and Bar\ue3o de Cotegipe, in Rio Grande do Sul state) and their progenies in a soil in the municipality of Iva\ued, PR state. The experimental design was randomized blocks with four replications, taking as treatment two distinct provenances and five progenies. When analyzed, the macronutrients, micronutrients, Al and Na. Foliar N, P, K, Ca and Mg were considered satisfactory, and the N, P, Ca and Mg showed significant differences for both analyzed provenances. Within provenances, progenies of Iva\ued highlighted significant differences for the nutrients N, P, K, Ca and Mg. But for the progenies of Bar\ue3o de Cotegipe, a significant difference was found only for Ca and Mg. For both provenances, foliar Fe, Cu and Mn were considered satisfactory. The concentration of Zn was considered low and B high. Aluminum contents were considered normal for the species. In regard to Na, there was no significant difference among provenances. The contents of Zn, Fe, Cu and Al and Na differed among the progenies of Bar\ue3o de Cotegipe and Iva\ued. The provenance of Iva\ued showed higher levels of both, macro and micronutrients, compared to Bar\ue3o de Cotegipe, indicating that a breeding program could significantly improve the quality of mate for human nutrition purposes. Comparing the average weight of green mass of the provenances, there is a significant gain in the crown of Bar\ue3o de Cotegipe provenance which is not accompanied by the dry weight of 100 leaves

Relative importance of wood density and carbohydrate content on pulping yield and product quality

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a densidade b\ue1sica, a composi\ue7\ue3o qu\uedmica e as dimens\uf5es de fibras de dez amostras de madeira de Eucalyptus spp. e, verificar o impacto desse conjunto de par\ue2metros e sua combina\ue7\ue3o no rendimento do processo de polpa\ue7\ue3o kraft e na qualidade da polpa branqueada. A madeira de dez esp\ue9cies de eucalipto, com densidade b\ue1sica variando entre 365 a 544 kg/m3 e teores de carboidratos totais variando entre 70,0 a 74,5% foi transformada em polpa Kraft, com n\ufamero kappa 15,5- 16,7 e branqueada a 90% ISO por uma seq\ufc\ueancia de quatro est\ue1gios (OD(PO)D) composta de deslignifica\ue7\ue3o com oxig\ueanio (O), deslignifica\ue7\ue3o com di\uf3xido de cloro (D), extra\ue7\ue3o alcalina com per\uf3xido pressurizado (PO) e branqueamento com di\uf3xido de cloro (D). A densidade b\ue1sica da madeira mostrou melhor correla\ue7\ue3o com as dimens\uf5es da fibra e qualidade da polpa que a sua composi\ue7\ue3o qu\uedmica. Por\ue9m o rendimento depurado foi mais influenciado pela composi\ue7\ue3o qu\uedmica da madeira do que pela densidade b\ue1sica. Madeiras de menor densidade apresentaram maiores rendimentos de polpa\ue7\ue3o, mas o consumo espec\uedfico de madeira foi mais baixo para as madeiras mais densas. Os resultados de qualidade de polpa sugerem que madeiras com densidade mais baixa devam ser direcionadas \ue0 fabrica\ue7\ue3o de papel refinado (impress\ue3o e de escrita), enquanto que as mais densas sejam destinadas ao segmento de pap\ue9is sanit\ue1rios (tissue).The purpose of this study was to evaluate basic density, chemical composition and fiber dimensions of ten Eucalyptus sp wood samples and to verify the impact of this set of parameters and their combination on the Kraft pulping process yield and on bleached pulp quality. Ten eucalypt woods of different species, with basic densities varying from 365 to 544 kg/m\ub3 and total wood carbohydrate contents varying from 70.0 to 74.5%, were transformed into kraft pulp of kappa number 15,5-16,7 and bleached to 90% ISO brightness by the sequence OD(PO)D. Wood basic density showed stronger correlations with fiber dimensions and pulp quality than did chemical composition. However, pulping yield was strongly affected by chemical composition. Lighter woods resulted in higher pulping yields. However, wood specific consumption was lower for denser woods, even though these demanded more drastic pulping conditions to achieve a given kappa number. The pulp quality results suggest that lower density woods should be directed towards fabrication of refined paper (printing and writing grades) while the denser woods should be directed to the sanitary papers segment (tissue grades)