4,119 research outputs found
Neurohormonas y citocinas en la insuficiencia cardĂaca. CorrelaciĂłn con la reserva de flujo coronario
Introduction and objectives. In heart failure, the coronary
flow reserve (CFR) measured by positron-emission
tomography (PET) is reduced. As neurohormone and cytokine
levels are also altered in patients with the condition,
our aim was to determine whether there is a correlation
between CFR and neurohormone and cytokine
levels.
Patients and method. The study included 40 patients
with heart failure but without ischemic heart disease. Myocardial
blood flow was measured by PET using nitrogen-
13 ammonia at baseline and during ATP infusion. The
CFR was calculated for each patient. In addition, levels of
the following were determined: norepinephrine, endothelin-
1, angiotensin-II, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), brain
natriuretic peptide (BNP), tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin
(IL)-1β, soluble IL-2 receptor, and IL-6.
Results. All neurohormone levels were elevated above
reference values. The levels of all cytokines, except IL-1β,
were also elevated. There was a significant negative correlation
between CFR and the levels of several neurohormones:
ANP (r=–0.476), BNP (r=–0.442), and IL-6
(r=–0.509).
Conclusions. In heart failure, the decrease in CFR is
correlated with increases in the levels of certain neurohormones
(i.e., ANP and BNP) and cytokines (i.e., IL-6), with
vasodilatory effect. These increases are probably are related
to compensatory mechanisms that are unable to correct
for the endothelial dysfunction present in these patients
A Gravitational Wave Background from Reheating after Hybrid Inflation
The reheating of the universe after hybrid inflation proceeds through the
nucleation and subsequent collision of large concentrations of energy density
in the form of bubble-like structures moving at relativistic speeds. This
generates a significant fraction of energy in the form of a stochastic
background of gravitational waves, whose time evolution is determined by the
successive stages of reheating: First, tachyonic preheating makes the amplitude
of gravity waves grow exponentially fast. Second, bubble collisions add a new
burst of gravitational radiation. Third, turbulent motions finally sets the end
of gravitational waves production. From then on, these waves propagate
unimpeded to us. We find that the fraction of energy density today in these
primordial gravitational waves could be significant for GUT-scale models of
inflation, although well beyond the frequency range sensitivity of
gravitational wave observatories like LIGO, LISA or BBO. However, low-scale
models could still produce a detectable signal at frequencies accessible to BBO
or DECIGO. For comparison, we have also computed the analogous gravitational
wave background from some chaotic inflation models and obtained results similar
to those found by other groups. The discovery of such a background would open a
new observational window into the very early universe, where the details of the
process of reheating, i.e. the Big Bang, could be explored. Moreover, it could
also serve in the future as a new experimental tool for testing the
Inflationary Paradigm.Comment: 22 pages, 18 figures, uses revtex
Detection of Acetylene toward Cepheus A East with Spitzer
The first map of interstellar acetylene (C2H2) has been obtained with the
infrared spectrograph onboard the Spitzer Space Telescope. A spectral line map
of the vibration-rotation band at 13.7 microns carried out toward the
star-forming region Cepheus A East, shows that the C2H2 emission peaks in a few
localized clumps where gas-phase CO2 emission was previously detected with
Spitzer. The distribution of excitation temperatures derived from fits to the
C2H2 line profiles ranges from 50 to 200 K, a range consistent with that
derived for gaseous CO2 suggesting that both molecules probe the same warm gas
component. The C2H2 molecules are excited via radiative pumping by 13.7 microns
continuum photons emanating from the HW2 protostellar region. We derive column
densities ranging from a few x 10^13 to ~ 7 x 10^14 cm^-2, corresponding to
C2H2 abundances of 1 x 10^-9 to 4 x 10^-8 with respect to H2. The spatial
distribution of the C2H2 emission along with a roughly constant N(C2H2)/N(CO2)
strongly suggest an association with shock activity, most likely the result of
the sputtering of acetylene in icy grain mantles.Comment: 11 pages, 5 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ Letter
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