The Role of Sharia Judges in Indonesia: Between the Common Law and the Civil Law Systems

This article seeks to analyse the role of Religious Courts' (Pengadilan Agama or PA) Judges in the formation of Islamic law in Indonesia. As part of the civil legal system, PA Judges are bound by legal provisions in handling legal disputes in court. They must apply the applicable legal provisions to decide upon a case. This condition can also be understood from the aspect of appointment of judges in Indonesia, including PA Judges, which is conducted not through professional career path as in the common law system. Thus, they are appointed from a new graduate of law/sharia faculty and then trained, inter alia, to apply and/or interpret applicable laws (legislation); and not to make the law itself. However, on the basis of secondary data analysis, studies on the ijtihad of PA Judges reveal that they are no longer only fixated on the provisions of statutes in deciding cases. They also make laws, cases in point are the Compilation of Islamic Law (KHI) and the Compilation of Sharia Economic Law (KHES), do ijtihad on the books of fiqh which became the basis for the drafting of Islamic legislation in Indonesia. Some of them even do direct ijtihad from Sharia sources, namely the Qur'an and Hadith. This condition is arguably more in accordance with the character of judges (qadis) in Islamic history which on a certain level similar to the role of judges in common law system

Komunikasi Dokter - Pasien

Mistakes in understanding the meaning of medical symbols result in negative impact for the patients. Futhermore, it can cause malpractice. Therefore, communication between a doctor and a patient is very essential to observe. It is because some malpractices occur due to miscommunication. Disease diagnosis through patient-doctor communication is influenced by the some understanding toward the messages. It creates an effective communication. Gap in communication between a docter and a patient can cause misunderstanding as well as misinformation for the patient on his disease. The hesitation of a doctor to inform the patient on the disease well in order to prevent emotional action of the patient and his family

Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Sebagai Tafsiran Resmi Hukum Islam Di Indonesia

Unlike other Muslim countries, Indonesia does not make any reference to sharia as a source of legislation in its Constitution. Despite the fact, some aspects of sharia have been incorporated into Indonesian legal system. These “Islamic” state laws have been challenged by Muslims in Indonesia since their very first enactment in 1970s and now they find a new avenue to be settled with the institution of the Constitutional Court in 2003. This paper is to analyze what happen when a country such as Indonesia suddenly has to adjudicate disputes on which interpretation of Islamic law valid in Indonesia? In particular, it will assess methods employed by the Constitutional Court Judges in Indonesia in arbitrating contentions between conservative Muslims' and the government's claims regarding the extent to which Islamic law should be recognized, applied, and enforced by the state? Is the Court's approach in settling down the cases still within the boundary of Islamic legal theory?This paper argues that the Court does declare itself as the legal authority in Indonesia and, thus, it reserves for itself the power to interpret and restrict Islamic law as it sees fit with the state's agenda. However,the Court does that by considering and utilizing the concepts and vocabularies in Islamic law to justify its decisions. Hence, the Court's decisions fall within the scope of siyasa shar`iyya, and its interpretation of which Islamic legal norms effective in Indonesia can be justified accordingly

TEORI BELAJAR HUMANISTIK DAN PENERAPANNYA DALAM PEMBELAJARAN PENDIDIKAN AGAMA ISLAM

Metode pembelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam  (PAI) konservatif tidak mampu mencapai tujuan pembelajarannya karena hanya menghasilkan siswa yang paham secara materi saja padahal ada aspek materi PAI yang perlu dipraktikan pada kegiatan sehari-hari. Teori belajar humanistik dianggap mampu untuk mengatasi kekurangan ini. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji teori humanistik dan penerapannya dalam pembelajaran PAI di Sekolah. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah library research dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Data diperoleh dari studi kepustakaan dan analisis dokumen terkait teori humanistik dan pembelajaran PAI di Sekolah. Teknik pengolahan dan analisis data menggunakan metode analisis isi untuk mengukur tingkat ketepatan pesan dan menarik kesimpulan. Langkah-langkah yang diterapkan adalah deskriptif, analisis isi dan korelatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa teori humanistik dapat diaplikasikan dalam pembelajaran PAI dengan mengutamakan aspek-aspek personalisasi, pemberdayaan, dan pengalaman. Pembelajaran PAI di Sekolah harus mampu memahami perubahan masyarakat dan teknologi, serta memanfaatkan teknologi informasi dan komunikasi untuk meningkatkan efektivitas pembelajaran. Penerapan teori humanistik dalam pembelajaran PAI dapat meningkatkan motivasi dan prestasi belajar siswa, serta membantu siswa untuk mengembangkan potensi diri secara maksimal, baik dari aspek psikologis, fisik, emosional dan spiritual. Selain itu, penerapan teori belajar humanistik dalam pembelajaran PAI dapat membantu siswa untuk mengembangkan keterampilan sosial seperti rasa empati, toleransi, dan moderat atau sikap terbuka terhadap perbedaan. Oleh karena itu, perlu adanya upaya untuk meningkatkan pemahaman dan penerapan teori belajar humanistik dalam pembelajaran PAI di Sekolah, sehingga dapat membantu menciptakan generasi yang lebih berdaya saing dan berkarakter

Hearsay Evidence Admissibility: Due Process and Evidentiary Rules in Muslim Marriage Legalization (Isbat Nikah)

The hearsay evidence is still debated as valid witness evidence in Indonesian civil procedural law. Consequently, there is a disparity in judges’ decisions in handling religious civil cases when the evidence is from “hearsay witnesses.” A case in point is the decision on the application for marriage legalization issued by the Samarinda Religious Court, which received hearsay evidence, and the Samarinda Religious High Court, which rejected it. This paper intends to examine the judge’s considerations in accepting or rejecting hearsay evidence in marriage legalization applications to understand whether these considerations have used appropriate legal arguments per the principles of justice and legal certainty. As a normative-doctrinal legal study, this paper uses case law, statutory, and conceptual approaches in its discussion. It shows that the Samarinda Religious Court accepted hearsay evidence because they considered the exceptional circumstances of the marriage event that they wanted to prove. On the other hand, the Samarinda Religious Higher Court rejected the hearsay evidence because a “hearsay witness” could not be used in a contentious case. Even so, the two decisions have not provided clear legal arguments in accepting or rejecting the hearsay evidence. The development of procedural law jurisprudence in Indonesia opens up opportunities for its use in the evidentiary process to create justice and legal certainty for justice seekers

Konflik Hukum Antara Ketentuan Hukum Pidana Islam Dan Hak-Hak Sipil? (Telaah Konsep HAM Dan Implementasi Ratifikasi ICCPR Dan CAT Di Indonesia)

Can death penalty or corporal punishment be imposed by a state since it is required by the Shariah, but, at the same time, it is against state's obligation to guarantee civil rights as documented in such International human right laws as ICCPR and CAT? This article is to analyse the so called conflict of law between the requirements of Islamic criminal law and civil rights in Indonesia with particular reference to its implementation in Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam province. There are growing demands of some Muslims to the implementation of hudud in Indonesia and several Qanun Provinsi Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam have been enacted too. According to the proponent of such implementation, this depicts that the state respects its citizens' belief and culture which is guaranted under the aegis of the right to self determination. However, Indonesia has ratified some International human right laws which require the state to respect the right to life and prohibit torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading punishment. How should the state react? this article argues that an alternative approach which is able to bridge prolonged polemic between universalims and cultural relativisms with regards to the validity of International human rights norms when being implemented to different legal cultures is very much needed. This is important in order to reduce resistence against International human right laws which are important to safeguard civil rights especially when the criminal justice system of a country has not fulfilled the due process of law

Partisipasi Petani Dalam Pengelolaan Sampah Plastik Melalui Bank Sampah di Kota Padang

One of the current environmental problems is plastic waste. One of the efforts to manage plastic waste in the community is through waste bank activities. This paper tries to explain the participation of farmers in the Pancadaya waste bank community in the suburbs area of Padang City, from a Giddens perspective. The research was conducted qualitatively by observation and interviews with several informants who were obtained purposively. The results of the research show that from the external dimension, several things are constraining and enabling the practice of participation by farmers, such as the distance factor and the existence of incentives.Meanwhile, from the internal dimension of farmers as subjects, participation as a social practice is largely due to unconscious motivation and practical consciousness. Only a small number of them participate in plastic waste management in waste banks based on discursive consciousness. Collaboration between waste banks and farmers as one element of customers and other parties is needed so that their participation practices are more driven by discursive consciousnes

SOSIALISASI PEMBENTUKAN KEMANDIRIAN DAN KEPERCAYAAN DIRI PESERTA DIDIK PAUD BINA ANANDA KABUPATEN LAHAT

Potret membangun karakter yang terabaikan saat ini memperlihatkan kualitas hasil pendidikan anak usia dini (PAUD) belum signifikan, oleh karena itu penting untuk memperbaiki pendidikan karakter di lingkungan PAUD melalui kegiatan pembelajaran edukatif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menggambarkan proses sosialisasi pembentukan kemandirian dan kepercayaan diri peserta didik dan menganalisis hambatan yang terjadi selama proses sosialsiasi serta strategi untuk mengatasi hambatan di PAUD. Hasil penelitian diperoleh bahwa preparatory sebagai tahap penentu peserta didik mengikuti play stage dengan menjadikan guru sebagai role model melalui aktivitas yang membentuk kesadaran diri. Secara keseluruhan hasil terlihat pada game stage dan generalized stage melalui interaksi dilingkungan sosial. Dari proses sosialisasi diperoleh hambatan berupa kemampuan anak yang kurang maksimal di preparatory, adanya keterbatasan fasilitas dan kompetensi guru PAUD. Sehingga strategi yang digunakan dengan mengoptimalkan kemampuan anak, pemenuhan fasilitas dan peningkatan kompetensi guru