PENGENALAN AURAT BAGI ANAK USIA DINI DALAM PANDANGAN ISLAM

Abstrak                 Masa Tufulah, Golden age adalah masa keemasan dimana anak membangun segala dan nilai-nilai dalam kehidupannya termasuk dalam informasi tetang seks. Jika tidak dapat informasi yang tidak tepat maka akan terjadi miskonsepsi bisa berkibat fatal. Informasi tetang seks sebaiknya dibagun dengan nilai-nilai keagaman, bahwa seks bagian dari fitrah manusia yang sifatnya wajar dan alamiah terdapat pada semua orang. selain itu anak mempunyai konsep yang baik tentang seks sebelum masa tamyiz  sehingga anak sudah bisa memilah memilih prilaku yang sesuai dengan nilai yang dimilkinya, apa yang bermanfat dan merugikan bagi bisa dihindari. Tujuan pendidikan seksual adalah membuat sikap emosional yang sehat terhadap masalah seksual dan membimbing anak kearah hidup dewasa/baligh  yang sehat dan bertangungjawab terhadap kehidupan seksualnya. Pada anak usia dini cara memberikan pendidikan seksual adalah mulai memperkenlakan organ organ seks yang dimilki dan konsep aurat melekat padanya secara singkat

OPTIMASI PENGEMBANGAN SISTEM INFORMASI PENERIMAAN MAHASISWA BARU (SI-PMB) DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN ANALISIS KELAYAKAN EKONOMI DAN TEKNOLOGI

Optimasi dapat diartikan sebagai sebuah proses untuk mencapai hasil yang ideal dan terukur secara efektif atau sebuah bentuk optimalisasi proses perancangan dan pembuatann terhadap sesuatu hal yang sudah ada, dengan kata lain sebuah langkah atau tindakan berupa proses atau penerapan metodologi untuk membuat sesuatu, baik berupa sistem, desain, atau keputusan dengan harapan bisa menjadi lebih sempurna dan efektif, disamping itu mencari solusi alternatif dengan mempertimbangkan biaya yang paling efektif atau maksimalisasi terhadap kinerja berdasarkan kendala yang diberikan, yaitu dengan memaksimalkan faktor yang diharapkan dan meminimalkan yang tidak diharapkan. Pengembangan sistem (system development) adalah langkah atau tahap perubahan sebuah sistem (dalam hal ini sistem informasi) yang didasarkan pada hasil rekomendasi analisis yang telah dilakukan untuk meningkatkan kemampuan sistem itu sendiri, sehingga diharapkan dapat membantu menyelesaikan masalah yang terjadi, sementara Sistem Informasi merupakan kombinasi dari teknologi informasi dan aktivitas manusia yang menggunakan teknologi untuk mendukung operasi dan manajemen

Penerapan kurikulum pesantren Muhammadiyah pada pendididkan dasar dan menengah Boarding School : Peneliti di SMP-SMA Plus Pesantren Amanah Muhammadiyah Tasikmalaya dan Mts-MA Pondok Pesantren Al-Furqon Muhammadiyah Tasikmalaya

Kurikulum sesuatu yang penting dalam pendidikan. Kurikulum menjadi jalan yang harus ditempuh untuk mencapai sebuah tujuan oleh karena itu menjadi isi dan warna dan identitas yang terbentuk atas nilai dan keterampilan. Kurikulum Pesantren yang diterap pada Pendididkan Dasar Dan Menengah Boarding School merupakan kajian lanjut dari pengembangan kurikulum (Writen Curiculum) menjadi pelaksanaan kurikulum (Action Curiculum.). Pada penelitian ini dilakukan di dua pesantren yaitu, Pesantren Al-furqon Muhammadiyah (MTs dan MA) dan Pesantren Amanah Muhammadiyah (SMPdan SMA). Tujuan penelitian yang dilakukan untuk mengetahui kebijakan, rumusan dan program, realisasi, faktor pendukung dan penghambat, keberhasilan dari Penerapan Kurikulum Pesantren Muhammadiyah Penelitiian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif dengan mengunakan deskriftif analitik, karena penelitian ini mendeskripsikan secara holistik dan komperhensif dan mendalam suatu gejala, peristiwa, kejadian yang terjadi. Adapun teknik pengumpulan data penelitian dengan cara observasi, wawancara dan studi dokumentasi. Dalam opersioanlnya data-data yang diperoleh dianalisis dan interpertasi sehingga dapat ditarik kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian yang dilakukan oleh peneliti menunjukan bahwa Penerapan Kurikulum Pesantren Muhammadiyah di pesantren Alfurqon dan Amanah adalah dalam kebijakaan memiliki kesamaan berdasarkan kebutuhan dengan prinsip religious, idiologis, dan humanistis. Dengan Rumusan dan program penerapan kurikulum pesantren Muhammadiyah .memiliki kesamaan dan kemiripan yaitu. Kesatuan dalam rumusan dan program dari pengembangan Al-Islam dan Kebahasa Araban, keberagaman dalam pelaksanaan. Dan Realisasi penerapan kurikulum pesantren Muhammadiyah yang masih mengunakan pendekatan yang lebih banyak berpusat pada guru (Teacher centered) daripada pendekatan berpusat pada murid (student centered). dan faktor pendukung dan penghambat penerapan kurikulum pesantren Muhammadiyah Pendukung tenaga pendidik dan siswa. Penghambat sarana dan pengembangan kurikulum. keberhasilan penerapan kurikulum pesantren sama sudah berhasil dengan ukuran nilai sudah diatas KKM (Kriteria Ketuntasan Minimal

GAMBARAN PENGETAHUAN REMAJA PUTRI TENTANG CARA MENJAGA KEBERSIHAN ORGAN REPRODUKSI WANITA DI DUSUN MANDUNGAN MARGOLUWIH SEYEGAN SLEMAN

Teenages are population between age of 10 – 24 years old and haven’n married yet. Adolescence is a period when physical, psychological, and intelectual growth and development happen rapidly. In order to keep being healthy, one has to pay attention on personal hygiene. Personal hygiene is a behavior to maintain cleanliness and health in order to maintain physical and psylogical welfare. The objective of the study was to assess the level of knowledge that teenage girls have on how to maintain the health of female reproductive organ in Mandungan Margoluwih Seyegan Sleman. This was a descriptive study. Data was generated by total sampling with questionaire. The study conducted in Mandungan Margoluwih Seyegan Sleman. The averall level of knowledge on how to maintain the health of female reproductive organ was categorized as good with result of 25 subjects (67,56%), moderate 12 subjects (32,44%), and poor was none (0%). Knowledge regarding female reproductive organs was averall good with result of 34 subjects (91,89%), moderate with result of 3 subjects (8,11%), and poor was none (0%). Level of knowledge on how to nourish female reproductive organs was good with 13 subjects (35,13%), moderate with 4 (10,82%), and overall poor with 2o subjects (54,05%). Knowledge about the consequences of not taking care of female reproductive organs was in good criteria with 26 subjects (70,27%), moderate with 7 subjects (18,92%) and pour with 4 subjects (10,81%). The research concluded that the level of knowledge that teenage girls have on how to maintain the heath of female reproductive organ in Mandungan Margoluwih Seyegan Sleman is overall good

Hypophosphatemia and Hyponatremia in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients and Its Relation to Clinical Characteristic and Disease Activity

Background: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic auto-immune disease with diverse manifestations, ranging from mild rash or arthritis to severe organ-threatening involvement.Objective: The aim of the work was to find-out the possible association of hypophosphatemia and hyponatremia with disease activity in SLE patients.Patients and methods: A total of 100 patients with SLE were involved in this study and the serum level of sodium and phosphorus, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), leucocytic and platelet counts, and 24 hr. protein were measured. SLE disease activity index (SLEDAI) score was assessed,Results: The majority of patients were females; 94 (94%) and 6 males (6%) (F:M 15.7:1). The age of the patient ranged from 17 to 63 years with a mean age of 34.23 ±11.19 years. The disease duration was 48±55.7 months. 7. 41% of SLE patients were hyponatremic and 49% showed normonatremic. There was a significant correlation between Na level, SLEDAI score, vasculitis and arthritis and insignificant correlation with ESR. 47 patients were hypophosphatemic  (47%) and 53 (53%) were normophophatemic. There was a significant correlation between phosphate level and SLEDAI, oral ulcers p=0.001 and arthritis p<0.0004 but negatively related with ESR.Conclusion: It could be concluded that hyponatremia and hypophosphatemia are significantly related to SLEDAI, so it could be used as indicators of SLE activity and sever inflammation

An Examination of Income Effect on Consumers’ Ethical Evaluation of Counterfeit Drugs Buying Behaviour: A Cross-Sectional Study in Qatar and Sudan

Introduction There are limited studies on consumer behaviour toward counterfeit products and the determining factors that motivate willingness to purchase counterfeit items. Aim This study aimed to fill this literature gap through studying differences in individual ethical evaluations of counterfeit drug purchase and whether that ethical evaluation affected by difference in income. It is hypothesized that individuals with lower/higher income make a more/less permissive evaluation of ethical responsibility regarding counterfeit drug purchase. Materials and Methods To empirically test the research assumption, a comparison was made between people who live in the low-income country Sudan and people who live in the high-income country Qatar. The study employed a face-to-face structured interview survey methodology to collect data from 1,170 subjects and the Sudanese and Qatari samples were compared using independent t-test at alpha level of 0.05 employing SPSS version 22.0. Results Sudanese and Qatari individuals were significantly different on all items. Sudanese individuals scored below 3 for all Awareness of Societal Consequences (ASC) items indicating that they make more permissive evaluation of ethical responsibility regarding counterfeit drug purchase. Both groups shared a basic positive moral agreement regarding subjective norm indicating that influence of income is not evident. Conclusion Findings indicate that low-income individuals make more permissive evaluation of ethical responsibility regarding counterfeit drugs purchase when highlighting awareness of societal consequences used as a deterrent tool, while both low and high-income individuals share a basic positive moral agreement when subjective norm dimension is exploited to discourage unethical buying behaviour

Scale development on consumer behavior toward counterfeit drugs in a developing country: A quantitative study exploiting the tools of an evolving paradigm

Background: Although desperate need and drug counterfeiting are linked in developing countries, little research has been carried out to address this link, and there is a lack of proper tools and methodology. This study addresses the need for a new methodological approach by developing a scale to aid in understanding the demand side of drug counterfeiting in a developing country. Methods. The study presents a quantitative, non-representative survey conducted in Sudan. A face-to-face structured interview survey methodology was employed to collect the data from the general population (people in the street) in two phases: pilot (n = 100) and final survey (n = 1003). Data were analyzed by examining means, variances, squared multiple correlations, item-to-total correlations, and the results of an exploratory factor analysis and a confirmatory factor analysis. Results: As an approach to scale purification, internal consistency was examined and improved. The scale was reduced from 44 to 41 items and Cronbach's alpha improved from 0.818 to 0.862. Finally, scale items were assessed. The result was an eleven-factor solution. Convergent and discriminant validity were demonstrated. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that the "Consumer Behavior Toward Counterfeit Drugs Scale" is a valid, reliable measure with a solid theoretical base. Ultimately, the study offers public health policymakers a valid measurement tool and, consequently, a new methodological approach with which to build a better understanding of the demand side of counterfeit drugs and to develop more effective strategies to combat the problem.This work was supported by the Federal Ministry of Health Sudan.Scopu

The impact of law enforcement on the dispensing antibiotics without prescription in Saudi Arabia : findings and implications

Background: Dispensing of antibiotics without a prescription (DAwP) has been widely practised in Saudi Arabia despite being illegal. This is a concern increasing AMR. In May 2018, the law and regulations were enforced including fines up to 100,000 SR (equivalent to US$26,666) and cancellation of licences. Consequently, we wanted to evaluate the impact. Methods: Mixed method study among 116 community pharmacies in two phases. Pre-law enforcement phase between December 2017 and March 2018 and post-law enforcement phase one year later. Each phase consisted of a cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey and a simulated client method (SCM). In the SCM, clients presented with either pharyngitis or urinary tract infections (UTI) with 3 levels: level 1 – SC asked for something to relieve the symptoms, level 2 – SC asked for something stronger if an antibiotic was not dispensed, level 3 – SC requested an antibiotic. In SCM for each phase, all 116 pharmacies were visited with at least one of the scenarios. Results: Before the law enforcement, 70.7% of community pharmacists reported DAwP was common. 96.6% and 87.7% of participating pharmacies dispensed antibiotics without a prescription for pharyngitis and UTI respectively. After law enforcement, only 12.9% of community pharmacists indicated that DAwP was common, with only 12.1% and 5.2% dispensing antibiotics without prescriptions for pharyngitis and UTI respectively and mostly after level 3. Conclusion: Law enforcement was effective. However, there is still further scope for improvement as community pharmacists are worried patients may go elsewhere if no antibiotic dispensed on request. This could include educational activities

Influences on interactions between physicians in the public and private sectors and medical representatives in Yemen

Objective This study aims to assess the relative importance of attitude and subjective norms as well as physicians' characteristics and practice-setting factors in predicting the outcome of physicians' interactions with MRs. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted among a convenience sample of 602 physicians in Sana'a, Yemen. The data were analysed using descriptive and inferential analyses. The t-test/Mann–Whitney test and ANOVA/Kruskal–Wallis test with post hoc analysis, principal component analysis, correlation analysis and regression analysis were applied at an a priori significance level of 0.05. Key findings The response rate was 76.5%. Results showed that physicians who see a greater number of MRs per week or have academic affiliations were significantly more likely to have received high/low-value promotional items than were those who saw fewer MRs or have no academic affiliations (P values < 0.001 and 0.021, respectively). Also male physicians and physicians who have private clinics were significantly more likely to have received high-value promotional items (P value < 0.001). Three out of five hypotheses were supported (physicians' belief in the appropriateness of accepting high/low-value pharmaceutical companies' promotional techniques relate positively and significantly to their behaviour of interactions with MRs, and physicians' attitudes towards pharmaceutical companies relates positively and significantly to their interactions with MRs). Conclusion Physicians in Yemen consider most of the promotional techniques as normal practice. The article provides empirical evidence for policymakers in developing countries in general, and Yemen specifically, to develop suitable policies and regulations for drug promotion.This work was supported by Yemeni Ministry of Health and Population. The authors acknowledge Dr Michael Steinman, Assistant Professor of Medicine in Geriatrics, San Francisco VA Medical Center and UCSF and Dr Douglas Ball, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, for providing background support in terms of developing the questionnaire. We also thank all the physicians for their involvement in and cooperation during the study.Scopu

The impact of law enforcement on dispensing antibiotics without prescription: a multi-methods study from Saudi Arabia

Background: Dispensing of antibiotics without a prescription (DAwP) has been widely practised among community pharmacies in Saudi Arabia despite being illegal. However, in May 2018, the law and regulations were enforced alongside fines. Consequently, we wanted to evaluate the impact of these changes. Methods: A study was conducted among 116 community pharmacies in two phases. A pre-law enforcement phase between December 2017 and March 2018 and a post-law enforcement phase one year later. Each phase consisted of a cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey and a simulated client method (SCM) approach. In the SCM, clients presented with either pharyngitis or urinary tract infections (UTI). In SCM, for each phase, all 116 pharmacies were visited with one of the scenarios. Results: Before the law enforcement, 70.7% of community pharmacists reported that DAwP was common with 96.6% and 87.7% of participating pharmacies dispensed antibiotics without a prescription for pharyngitis and UTI respectively. After the law enforcement, only 12.9% reported that DAwP is still a common practice, with only 12.1% and 5.2% dispensing antibiotics without prescriptions for pharyngitis and UTI respectively. Conclusion: law enforcement was effective. However, there is still further scope for improvement. This could include further educational activities with pharmacists, physicians and the public