Les motifs de la conduite automobile après avoir consommé du cannabis : revue de portée et validation d’un outil psychométrique

Contexte : La consommation de cannabis affecte les habiletés de conduite (Capler et al., 2017) et augmente significativement le risque d’accident (Asbridge et al., 2012). Malgré ces risques, 22 % des consommateurs canadiens ont rapporté avoir conduit dans les deux heures suivant sa consommation (Gouvernement du Canada, 2020). Connaitre les motifs de la conduite après avoir consommé du cannabis (CACC) est crucial pour développer des programmes de prévention efficaces visant à réduire la prévalence de ce comportement. Objectif : Le premier objectif est de rapporter et classer les motifs de la CACC mentionnés dans la littérature scientifique. Le deuxième objectif est de valider les propriétés psychométriques du Questionnaire des motifs de la conduite automobile après avoir consommé du cannabis (QMCACC). Méthode : Ce mémoire présente deux articles. Le premier article est une revue de portée des motifs de la CACC. Le deuxième article présente les analyses de validation du QMCACC. Un échantillon de 1 765 conducteurs canadiens a été utilisé pour tester la cohérence interne, la validité convergente/discriminante et la structure du questionnaire via une analyse factorielle confirmatoire. Résultats : La revue de portée a extrait 32 motifs de la CACC. Le QMCACC a une bonne cohérence interne, une validité convergente/discriminante adéquate et une bonne validité factorielle. Conclusion : Des messages efficaces de santé publique doivent être mis en oeuvre pour informer la population des risques de la CACC. Le QMCACC semble évaluer efficacement le concept d’intérêt et peut être utilisé pour contribuer aux efforts de prévention.Background: Cannabis use affects the ability to drive (Capler et al., 2017) and significantly increases the risk of accidents (Asbridge et al., 2012). Despite these risks, 22 % of Canadian consumers reported driving within two hours of using this substance (Government of Canada, 2020). Increased knowledge of the motives for driving after cannabis use (DACU) is crucial to design effective prevention programs to reduce the prevalence of this behaviour. Objective: The first objective is to report and categorize the motives for DACU mentioned in the scientific literature. The second objective is to validate the psychometric properties of the Motives for Driving after Cannabis Use Questionnaire (MDACUQ). Method: This master’s project presents two articles. The first article is a scoping review of the motives for DACU. The second article presents the validation analyzes of the MDACUQ. A sample of 1,765 Canadian drivers was used to test the internal consistency, convergent/discriminant validity and the structure of the subscales (factors) of the questionnaire with a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Results: The scoping review extracted 32 motives for DACU. The MDACUQ has good internal consistency, adequate convergent/discriminant validity, and the CFA showed a good factorial validity. Conclusion: Effective public health messages must be implemented to inform the population of the risks of DACU. The MDACUQ seems to accurately captures the concept of interest and can help prevention efforts to reduce the prevalence of this risky behaviour

Multi-trait selection for improved solid wood physical and flexural properties in white spruce

Commercial production of high-quality lumber for Nordic conifers is negatively impacted by long rotation age and adverse negative correlations between growth and wood quality traits. A prospective solution to ensure sufficient fibre quality from future plantations is to identify key wood traits for desired applications and to consider them in tree breeding programs. In this study, we used the widespread and largely reforested white spruce (Picea glauca [Moench] Voss) in Canada to investigate the genetic control of wood flexural properties such as stiffness, i.e. modulus of elasticity (MOE), and strength, i.e. modulus of rupture (MOR). We also looked at their phenotypic and genetic correlations with other wood quality and growth traits to assess the efficiency of indirect methods of selection to improve wood flexural properties in the context of multi-trait selection in tree breeding programs. To achieve this, standardized solid wood samples, growth records and standing tree wood quality traits were collected from 289 trees belonging to 38 white spruce families from a polycross genetic trial established on two different sites in the province of Quebec, Canada. Flexural stiffness and strength, height, diameter at breast height (DBH) and wood density showed moderate to high heritability. Flexural stiffness was also positively correlated at the genetic level with flexural strength, average wood density and acoustic velocity as an indirect measure of dynamic MOE (⁠rG  = 0.99, rG  = 0.78 and rG = 0.78, respectively). When selecting the top 5 per cent of the trees, the expected genetic gains varied from 3.6 per cent for acoustic velocity to 16.5 per cent for MOE. Selection based on wood density and acoustic velocity would result in considerable genetic gains in flexural stiffness. Several multi-trait selection scenarios were tested to investigate the genetic gains obtained from selecting with different combinations of growth and wood quality traits. The results showed that indirect selection for wood flexural properties by means of acoustic velocity and wood density are efficient methods that can be combined in operational white spruce breeding programs to increase simultaneously genetic gains for growth and wood flexural properties

Risk factors associated with driving after cannabis use among Canadian young adults

This study identifid the most prominent risk factors associated with driving after cannabis use (DACU). 1,126 Canadian drivers (17–35 years old) who have used cannabis in the past 12 months completed an online questionnaire about sociodemographic information, substance use habits, cannabis effect expectancies, driving behaviours and peers’ behaviours and attitudes concerning DACU. A hierarchical logistic regression allowed identifying variables that were associated with DACU. Income (CA$30,000–CA$69,000), weekly-to-daily cannabis use, higher level of cannabis-related problems, expectation that cannabis facilitates social interactions, drunk driving, belief that DACU is safe, general risky driving behaviours, having a few friends who had DACU and injunctive norms predicted past 12-month DACU. Older age, holding negative expectations concerning cannabis, driving aggressively and perceived accessibility of public transportation decreased the probability of DACU. With restricted resources, programmes will be more efficient by targeting Canadian young adults most inclined to DACU by focussing on these risk factors

Zero-shot interpretable phenotyping of postpartum hemorrhage using large language models

Many areas of medicine would benefit from deeper, more accurate phenotyping, but there are limited approaches for phenotyping using clinical notes without substantial annotated data. Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated immense potential to adapt to novel tasks with no additional training by specifying task-specific instructions. Here we report the performance of a publicly available LLM, Flan-T5, in phenotyping patients with postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) using discharge notes from electronic health records (n = 271,081). The language model achieves strong performance in extracting 24 granular concepts associated with PPH. Identifying these granular concepts accurately allows the development of interpretable, complex phenotypes and subtypes. The Flan-T5 model achieves high fidelity in phenotyping PPH (positive predictive value of 0.95), identifying 47% more patients with this complication compared to the current standard of using claims codes. This LLM pipeline can be used reliably for subtyping PPH and outperforms a claims-based approach on the three most common PPH subtypes associated with uterine atony, abnormal placentation, and obstetric trauma. The advantage of this approach to subtyping is its interpretability, as each concept contributing to the subtype determination can be evaluated. Moreover, as definitions may change over time due to new guidelines, using granular concepts to create complex phenotypes enables prompt and efficient updating of the algorithm. Using this language modelling approach enables rapid phenotyping without the need for any manually annotated training data across multiple clinical use cases

Ordre de genre et ondes radio : les femmes dans les matinales d’information françaises

Conduite dans le cadre de l’édition 2020 du Global Media Monitoring Project, la contribution étudie la manière dont le genre se manifeste et organise le discours d’information radiophonique. La combinaison des méthodes quantitative et qualitative pour l’analyse d’un corpus de matinales françaises souligne une moindre visibilité des femmes, dans les nouvelles et parmi les professionnelles. Moins nombreuses, elles sont aussi minorées. Mais le travail de médiation journalistique ne se limite pas au maintien de rapports de genre inégalitaires. Dans le contexte post #MeToo, il contribue également à une mise à l’agenda, dont les modalités sont ici mises au jour, des violences sexistes et sexuelles

Le rôle de l’intimidation traditionnelle et de la cyberintimidation sur les problèmes internalisés et le bien-être des adolescents

Il existe un débat dans la littérature visant à déterminer dans quelle mesure l’intimidation traditionnelle et la cyberintimidation influencent d’une manière unique la qualité de l’adaptation psychosociale des élèves. L’objectif de cette étude est d’évaluer à l’aide d’un échantillon de 1 087 élèves du secondaire si la cyberintimidation est reliée à l’augmentation de problèmes internalisés et à la diminution du niveau de bien-être au-delà des effets associés à l’intimidation traditionnelle. Les résultats de modèles par équations structurelles montrent qu’il existe un chevauchement important entre l’intimidation traditionnelle et la cyberintimidation et qu’une fois l’intimidation traditionnelle, l’âge et le genre des élèves pris en compte, la cyberintimidation n’est pas associée à une augmentation des problèmes internalisés ou à une diminution du bien-être.A debate exists in the literature over the extent to which traditional bullying and cyberbullying have different and unique impacts on the quality of students’ psychosocial adaptation. Using a sample of 1,087 secondary school students, this study assesses whether cyberbullying is linked to an increase in internalizing problems and a decrease in well-being beyond the effects associated with traditional bullying. Results from structural equation modelling point to a significant overlap between traditional bullying and cyberbullying, and, once age and gender accounted for, cyberbullying is not associated with increased internalizing problems or decreased well-being.Existe un debate en la literatura sobre hasta qué punto el acoso tradicional y el ciberacoso influyen de manera única en la calidad de la adaptación psicosocial de los alumnos. El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar, utilizando una muestra de 1.087 alumnos de secundaria, si el ciberacoso está relacionado con un aumento de los problemas internalizados y con una disminución del nivel de bienestar más allá de los efectos asociados al acoso tradicional. Los resultados de los modelos de ecuaciones estructurales muestran que existe una superposición significativa entre el acoso tradicional y el ciberacoso, y una vez que se considera el acoso tradicional, la edad y el género de los alumnos, el ciberacoso no se asocia con un aumento de los problemas internalizados o una disminución del bienestar

Genetic Improvement of White Spruce Mechanical Wood Traits—Early Screening by Means of Acoustic Velocity

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Campus Safety System

Situated in an often dangerous neighborhood, Worcester Polytechnic Institute is disturbed by frequent crime, generating safety concerns among the campus population. This Major Qualifying Project designed a system to address this problem comprising of GPS-capable handheld devices, self-routing alarm boxes, and an intuitive interface for police. The system provides a one-button solution and mesh network infrastructure as a vital tool which transmits real-time location data from the victim to the police in emergency situations

Typologies of Canadian young adults who drive after cannabis use : a two-step cluster analysis

Young adults that drive after cannabis use (DACU) may not share all the same characteristics. This study aimed to iden-tify typologies of Canadians who engage in DACU. About 910 cannabis users with a driver's license (17–35years old) who have engaged in DACU completed an online question-naire. Two-step cluster analysis identified four subgroups, based on driving-related behaviors, cannabis use and related problems, and psychological distress. Complementary comparative analysis among the identified subgroups was performed as external validation. The identified subgroups were: (1) frequent cannabis users who regularly DACU; (2) individuals with generalized deviance with diverse risky road behaviors and high levels of psychological distress; (3) alco-hol and drug-impaired drivers who were also heavy frequent drinkers; and (4) well-adjusted youths with mild depres-sive-anxious symptoms. Individuals who engaged in DACU were not a homogenous group. When required, prevention and treatment need to be tailored according to the different profiles

Ordre de genre et ondes radio: les femmes dans les matinales d’information françaises

International audienceConduite dans le cadre de l’édition 2020 du Global Media Monitoring Project, la contribution étudie la manière dont le genre se manifeste et organise le discours d’information radiophonique. La combinaison des méthodes quantitative et qualitative pour l’analyse d’un corpus de matinales françaises souligne une moindre visibilité des femmes, dans les nouvelles et parmi les professionnelles. Moins nombreuses, elles sont aussi minorées. Mais le travail de médiation journalistique ne se limite pas au maintien de rapports de genre inégalitaires. Dans le contexte post #MeToo, il contribue également à une mise à l’agenda, dont les modalités sont ici mises au jour, des violences sexistes et sexuelles