La diffusion internationale d’idées commerciales : Un programme de recherche

Traditionnellement, la recherche en entrepreneuriat s’intéresse davantage aux idées commerciales innovantes qu’aux créations d’entreprises qui ont pour objet l’imitation de concepts déjà existants. Cependant, la plupart des créations d’entreprises - y compris celles qui sont orientées vers une croissance rapide - reposent sur l’adoption ou la modification de modèles déjà existants.Différentes raisons expliquent le fait que les stratégies d’imitation ont gagné de l’importance dans les dernières décennies. En effet, grâce à la globalisation des marchés et à l’amélioration des technologies de l’information et de la communication, non seulement les produits et les technologies se diffusent plus facilement, mais aussi l’information. Conséquemment, cela facilite la propagation internationale d’idées.L’objectif de cette contribution est de soulever les questions centrales qui se posent dans le contexte de cette diffusion internationale d’idées commerciales et de les résumer dans un programme de recherche.Dans cette optique, cela consiste à éclairer l’intersection entre la recherche en entrepreneuriat et la recherche sur la diffusion d’idées déjà existantes. À l’aide d’un schéma du processus de diffusion, sept domaines de recherche se trouvant à l’intersection de ces deux domaines sont mis en évidence. La question de l’origine des idées commerciales et les types de diffusion semblent être d’une importance particulière. De plus, nous relevons différents groupes de facteurs, allant des caractéristiques d’adoption, de l’utilisation de réseaux jusqu’aux facteurs environnementaux, qui influencent la diffusion et la réussite d’idées imitées.Traditionally, entrepreneurship research deals with innovative business ideas. Start-up businesses founded on the base of imitated concepts were, in the past, disregarded. Although, most start-up businesses (including growth-oriented ones) emerged by adoption or modification of already established business models.There are several reasons for an increase in the importance of imitation strategies during the past centuries. In the course of globalization of markets and by improvement of informative and communicative technologies, not only products and technologies, but information can spread over boundaries easily. This simplifies international diffusion of business concepts through imitation.In the article several questions, which emerge in the context of international diffusion of business concepts, are worked out and summarized in a research agenda.In terms of research, this means to have a closer look at the relationship between entrepreneurship and diffusion. Seven research areas are distinguished by a schematic diffusion process. Topics of special importance are the origin of business concepts and detectable diffusion patterns. Additionally, factors ranging from adopter-features across usage of network contacts to setting factors, which can influence the diffusion and success of imitated business concepts, are identified.Tradicionalmente la investigación de Entrepreneurship se dedica a ideas de negocio innovadoras. Sin embargo fundaciones de empresas en base a conceptos imitados han sido descuidados aunque la mayor parte de fundaciones de empresas – tambien muchas orientadas al crecimiento – descende a través de adopción o modificación de ideas conocidas.Hay algunas razones, que inducen a creer que estrategias de imitación cobraron importancia en las décadas pasadas. Dentro de la globalización de mercados y la mejora de las tecnologías de comunicación y información no sólo los productos y las tecnologías cunden a difundirse con facilidad sinó tambien las informaciónes. Esto agiliza la difusión internacional de ideas de negocio a través de imitación.En este reportaje las preguntas claves que resultan a través de la difusión internacional de ideas de negocio estan extraídas y resumidas en una agenda de investigación. Programáticamente esto significa enfocar la intersección de la investigación de Entrepreneurship y difusión. Con ayuda de un curso de difusión esquemático que esta en esta intersección se darán siete campos de investigación diferenciados.Por eso la pregunta del origen y las muestras de ideas de negocio es muy significativa.Además grupos de factores diversos – de características de adoptores a la utilización de contactos de red y factores de entorno – que pueden influir con la difusión y el éxito de ideas de negocio imitadas estarán identificados.Traditionell beschäftigt sich die Entrepreneurship-Forschung mit innovativen Geschäftsideen. Unternehmensgründungen auf der Grundlage imitierter Konzepte wurden hingegen eher vernachlässigt. Dabei entstehen die meisten Unternehmensgründungen – auch viele wachstumsorientierte – durch die Adoption oder die Modifikation bekannter Geschäftsmodelle. Es gibt einige Gründe, die dafür sprechen, dass Imitationsstrategien in den letzten Jahrzehnten weiter an Bedeutung gewonnen haben. Im Zuge der Globalisierung von Märkten und durch die Verbesserung von Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien verbreiten sich nicht nur Produkte und Technologien leichter über Ländergrenzen hinweg, sondern auch Informationen. Das erleichtert die internationale Verbreitung von Geschäftideen durch Imitation. In diesem Beitrag werden die zentralen Fragen, die sich im Zusammenhang mit der internationalen Verbreitung von Geschäftsideen ergeben, herausgearbeitet und zu einer Forschungsagenda zusammengefasst. Forschungsprogrammatisch bedeutet dies, die Schnittmenge zwischen der Entrepreneurship- und der Diffusionsforschung zu beleuchten. Mit Hilfe eines schematischen Diffusionsverlaufes werden sieben Forschungsgebiete unterschieden, die in dieser Schnittmenge liegen. Von besonderer Bedeutung ist die Frage nach dem Ursprung von Geschäftsideen und den nachzuweisenden Diffusionsmustern. Zusätzlich werden verschiedene Gruppen von Faktoren, von Adoptereigenschaften über die Nutzung von Netzwerkkontakten bis hin zu Umfeldfaktoren identifiziert, die Einfluss auf die Diffusion und den Erfolg imitierter Geschäftsideen haben können

Internationalisierung, Unternehmensgröße und Konzernsteuerquote

Als Steuerbelastungsindikator findet die Konzernsteuerquote trotz ihrer methodischen Schwächen zunehmend Verbreitung. Aus steuerlicher Sicht stellt sich die Frage, ob die quantitative Messung der vollständigen und realitätsnahen unternehmerischen Steuerbelastung mit Hilfe der Konzernsteuerquote branchenindividuell schwankt und welche Faktoren für diese möglichen Schwankungen ursächlich sind. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden erstmals die Internationalisierung und die Unternehmensgröße als branchenindividuelle Einflussfaktoren der Konzernsteuerquote ausgewählter deutscher Konzerne empirisch analysiert. Die Studie legt den Schluss nahe, das allgemeingültige und damit zeitpunkt- und branchenunabhängige Aussagen über die Wirkung der untersuchten Einflussfaktoren auf die Steuerbelastung nicht gewonnen werden können. -- Despite its well-known shortcomings, scientists and analysts frequently employ the effective tax rate as an indicator of the tax burden. From a tax perspective, the question arises whether the total and realistic corporate tax burden measured by the effective tax rate varies with sectors and, if so, which are the underlying factors of this variation. For the first time, this paper empirically analyzes the influence of internationalization and business size of selected German groups on the effective tax rate. Our findings suggest that no unequivocal statements regarding the effects of these sector-dependent parameters on the corporate tax burden can be made.Brancheneffekte,Empirie,Konzernsteuerquote,Steuerbelastungsindikator,Unternehmensbesteuerung,business taxation,effective tax rate,empirical analysis,industry effects,tax reconciliation

Proof of concept – Enterprise Crowdfunding

In this short paper it will be discussed how crowdfunding concepts can be successfully used to support internal financing projects towards Enterprise Crowdfunding. A central platform to be developed will guarantee transparency in order to ease and facilitate synergy-effects between company divisions and departments. Besides transparency crowdfunding – especially through its federalistic financing concepts – can contribute to the evaluation of new planned projects. Furthermore, fair according to the input involved is not more problematic. The probability to not get funding for those projects which deserve support it is significantly reduced

Model of mobility demands for future short distance public transport systems

Short distance public transport faces huge challenges, although it is very important within a sustainable transport system to reduce traffic emissions. Revenues and subsidization are decreasing and especially in rural regions the offer is constantly diminishing. New approaches for public transport systems are strongly needed to avoid traffic infarcts in urban and rural areas to grant a basic offer of mobility services for everyone. In the proposed work a demand centered approach of dynamic public transport planning is introduced which relies on regional traffic data. The approach is based on a demand model which is represented as a dynamic undirected attributed graph. The demands are logged through traffic sensors and sustainability focused traveler information systems

The Role of Husbands’ and Wives’ Emotional Expressivity in the Marital Relationship

The current investigation was designed to examine the role of positive and negative emotional expressivity in the marital relationship. Data from 58 married couples were used to assess spouses’ levels of emotional expressivity and how these levels predicted reports of marital functioning. Regression analyses indicated that positive emotional expressivity had limited influence on marital functioning. Negative expressivity, however, had a strong impact on marital love, conflict, and ambivalence. Post-hoc analyses revealed significant differences between pairings in which the husband was high in negative expressivity, irrespective of wives’ negative emotional expressivity, and pairings in which both partners were low in negative emotional expressivity. These findings are discussed with respect to previous research that suggests that wives’ emotional expressivity is the major determinant of marital functioning.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/45641/1/11199_2005_Article_3726.pd

In vitro toxicokinetics and analytical toxicology of three novel NBOMe derivatives - Phase I and II metabolism, plasma protein binding, and detectability in standard urine screening approaches studied by means of hyphenated mass spectrometry

Purpose Toxicokinetic studies are essential in clinical and forensic toxicology to understand drug-drug interactions, influence of individual polymorphisms, and elimination routes, as well as to evaluate targets for toxicological screening procedures. An N-(2-methoxybenzyl)-substituted phenethylamines (NBOMe analogues) intake has been associated with severe adverse reactions including deaths. 1-(1-Benzofuran-5-yl)-N-[(2-methoxyphenyl)methyl]propan-2-amine (5-APB-NBOMe), 2-(8-bromo-2,3,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]difuran-4-yl)-N-[(5-chloro-2-ethoxyphenyl)methyl]ethan-1-amine (2C-B-FLY-NB2EtO5Cl), and 2-(8-bromo-2,3,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]difuran-4-yl)-N-[(2-methoxyphenyl)methyl]ethan-1-amine (2C-BFLY-NBOMe) are three emerging NBOMe analogues, which have encountered on the drugs of abuse market. So far, their toxicokinetic data are completely unexplored. Methods The study included mass spectrometry-based identification of phase I and II metabolites following exposure to the terminally differentiated human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepaRG). The determination of enzymes involved in the major phase I/II metabolic steps and determination of plasma protein binding (PPB) was done. Finally, the evaluation of the toxicological detectability by different hyphenated mass spectrometry techniques in standard urine screening approaches (SUSAs) was investigated. Results The compounds were extensively metabolized in HepaRG cells mainly via O-dealkylation, hydroxylation, glucuronidation, and combinations thereof. CYP1A2, 2D6, 2C8, 2C19, and 3A4, were involved in the initial reactions of all investigated compounds. Glucuronidation of the phase I metabolites – when observed - was mainly catalyzed by UGT1A9. The PPB of all compounds was determined to be > 85%. Only the high-resolution mass spectrometry-based SUSA allowed detection of all compounds in rat urine but only via metabolites. Conclusions The toxicokinetic data provided by this study will help forensic and clinical toxicologists to reliably identify these substances in case of abuse and/or intoxication and will allow them a thorough risk assessment

Facial mimcry and emotion consistency : Influences of memory and context.

This study investigates whether mimicry of facial emotions is a stable response or can instead be modulated and influenced by memory of the context in which the emotion was initially observed, and therefore the meaning of the expression. The study manipulated emotion consistency implicitly, where a face expressing smiles or frowns was irrelevant and to be ignored while participants categorised target scenes. Some face identities always expressed emotions consistent with the scene (e.g., smiling with a positive scene), whilst others were always inconsistent (e.g., frowning with a positive scene). During this implicit learning of face identity and emotion consistency there was evidence for encoding of face-scene emotion consistency, with slower RTs, a reduction in trust, and inhibited facial EMG for faces expressing incompatible emotions. However, in a later task where the faces were subsequently viewed expressing emotions with no additional context, there was no evidence for retrieval of prior emotion consistency, as mimicry of emotion was similar for consistent and inconsistent individuals. We conclude that facial mimicry can be influenced by current emotion context, but there is little evidence of learning, as subsequent mimicry of emotionally consistent and inconsistent faces is similar

Incidental retrieval of prior emotion mimicry.

When observing emotional expressions, similar sensorimotor states are activated in the observer, often resulting in physical mimicry. For example, when observing a smile, the zygomaticus muscles associated with smiling are activated in the observer, and when observing a frown, the corrugator brow muscles. We show that the consistency of an individual's facial emotion, whether they always frown or smile, can be encoded into memory. When the individuals are viewed at a later time expressing no emotion, muscle mimicry of the prior state can be detected, even when the emotion itself is task irrelevant. The results support simulation accounts of memory, where prior embodiments of other's states during encoding are reactivated when re-encountering a person

Rapid glaciation and a two-step sea-level plunge into The Last Glacial Maximum

The approximately 10,000-year-long Last Glacial Maximum, before the termination of the last ice age, was the coldest period in Earth’s recent climate history1. Relative to the Holocene epoch, atmospheric carbon dioxide was about 100 parts per million lower and tropical sea surface temperatures were about 3 to 5 degrees Celsius lower2,3. The Last Glacial Maximum began when global mean sea level (GMSL) abruptly dropped by about 40 metres around 31,000 years ago4 and was followed by about 10,000 years of rapid deglaciation into the Holocene1. The masses of the melting polar ice sheets and the change in ocean volume, and hence in GMSL, are primary constraints for climate models constructed to describe the transition between the Last Glacial Maximum and the Holocene, and future changes; but the rate, timing and magnitude of this transition remain uncertain. Here we show that sea level at the shelf edge of the Great Barrier Reef dropped by around 20 metres between 21,900 and 20,500 years ago, to −118 metres relative to the modern level. Our findings are based on recovered and radiometrically dated fossil corals and coralline algae assemblages, and represent relative sea level at the Great Barrier Reef, rather than GMSL. Subsequently, relative sea level rose at a rate of about 3.5 millimetres per year for around 4,000 years. The rise is consistent with the warming previously observed at 19,000 years ago1,5, but we now show that it occurred just after the 20-metre drop in relative sea level and the related increase in global ice volumes. The detailed structure of our record is robust because the Great Barrier Reef is remote from former ice sheets and tectonic activity. Relative sea level can be influenced by Earth’s response to regional changes in ice and water loadings and may differ greatly from GMSL. Consequently, we used glacio-isostatic models to derive GMSL, and find that the Last Glacial Maximum culminated 20,500 years ago in a GMSL low of about −125 to −130 metres.Financial support of this research was provided by the JSPS KAKENHI (grant numbers JP26247085, JP15KK0151, JP16H06309 and JP17H01168), the Australian Research Council (grant number DP1094001), ANZIC, NERC grant NE/H014136/1 and Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux

Effects of Anacetrapib in Patients with Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease

BACKGROUND: Patients with atherosclerotic vascular disease remain at high risk for cardiovascular events despite effective statin-based treatment of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels. The inhibition of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) by anacetrapib reduces LDL cholesterol levels and increases high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels. However, trials of other CETP inhibitors have shown neutral or adverse effects on cardiovascular outcomes. METHODS: We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial involving 30,449 adults with atherosclerotic vascular disease who were receiving intensive atorvastatin therapy and who had a mean LDL cholesterol level of 61 mg per deciliter (1.58 mmol per liter), a mean non-HDL cholesterol level of 92 mg per deciliter (2.38 mmol per liter), and a mean HDL cholesterol level of 40 mg per deciliter (1.03 mmol per liter). The patients were assigned to receive either 100 mg of anacetrapib once daily (15,225 patients) or matching placebo (15,224 patients). The primary outcome was the first major coronary event, a composite of coronary death, myocardial infarction, or coronary revascularization. RESULTS: During the median follow-up period of 4.1 years, the primary outcome occurred in significantly fewer patients in the anacetrapib group than in the placebo group (1640 of 15,225 patients [10.8%] vs. 1803 of 15,224 patients [11.8%]; rate ratio, 0.91; 95% confidence interval, 0.85 to 0.97; P=0.004). The relative difference in risk was similar across multiple prespecified subgroups. At the trial midpoint, the mean level of HDL cholesterol was higher by 43 mg per deciliter (1.12 mmol per liter) in the anacetrapib group than in the placebo group (a relative difference of 104%), and the mean level of non-HDL cholesterol was lower by 17 mg per deciliter (0.44 mmol per liter), a relative difference of -18%. There were no significant between-group differences in the risk of death, cancer, or other serious adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with atherosclerotic vascular disease who were receiving intensive statin therapy, the use of anacetrapib resulted in a lower incidence of major coronary events than the use of placebo. (Funded by Merck and others; Current Controlled Trials number, ISRCTN48678192 ; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01252953 ; and EudraCT number, 2010-023467-18 .)