A content analysis of tobacco content in season 1 of ‘And Just Like That’

Aim: ‘Sex and the City’ regularly featured smoking as a plot device, often linked with sexuality and female empowerment. Eighteen years later, the follow up ‘And Just Like That’ was released. The aim of this paper was to explore the amount of tobacco content in the first series of ‘And Just Like That’. Subject and Methods: A 1-minute content analysis of the 10 episodes from season1 of ‘And Just Like That’. Results: The 10 episodes included 394 one-minute intervals of content, with individual episodes ranging from 35-44 minutes. Tobacco content occurred in 45 intervals (11% of the total) across all 10 episodes. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that, despite the 18-year age gap between the end of the ‘Sex and the City’ TV series and the start of ‘And just like that’, and the declining smoking rates during that time, tobacco content is still regularly featured in these programmes. Whilst viewing figures are not available for this series, we know that this was HBO Max’s most streamed show of all time and was highly popular, it is, therefore, likely that large numbers of people were exposed to tobacco content through this programme

Corrigendum: A content analysis of tobacco and alcohol audio-visual content in a sample of UK reality TV programmes

Exposure to tobacco and alcohol content in audio-visual media is a risk factor for smoking and alcohol use in young people. We report an analysis of tobacco and alcohol content, and estimates of population exposure to this content, in a sample of reality television programmes broadcast in the UK. We used 1-minute interval coding to quantify tobacco and alcohol content in all episodes of five reality TV programmes aired between January and August 2018 (Celebrity Big Brother; Made in Chelsea; The Only Way is Essex; Geordie Shore and Love Island), and estimated population exposure using viewing data and UK population estimates. We coded 5219 intervals from 112 episodes. Tobacco content appeared in 110 (2%) intervals in 20 (18%) episodes, and alcohol in 2212 (42%) intervals and in all episodes. The programmes delivered approximately 214 million tobacco gross impressions to the UK population, including 47.37 million to children; and for alcohol, 4.9 billion and 580 million respectively. Tobacco, and especially alcohol, content is common in reality TV. The popularity of these programmes with young people, and consequent exposure to tobacco and alcohol imagery, represents a potentially major driver of smoking and alcohol consumption

A Content Analysis and Population Exposure Estimate Of Guinness Branded Alcohol Marketing During the 2019 Guinness Six Nations

Aims: To quantify Guinness related branding in the 2019 Guinness Six Nations Championship.Methods: Content analysis of Guinness related branding (‘Guinness’ and the alibi brand ‘Greatness’) shown during active play throughout all 15 games of the 2019 Guinness Six Nations Championship. The duration of each appearance was timed to the nearest second, to provide information on the amount of time that Guinness-related branding was shown on screen. Census data and viewing figures were used to estimate gross and per capita alcohol impressions.Results: Our coding identified a total of 3719 appearances of two logos, of which 3415 (92%) were for ‘Guinness’ and 304 (8%) were for ‘Greatness’. ‘Guinness’ imagery was present for 13,640 seconds (227.3 minutes or 3.8 hours, 16% of total active play time), ‘Greatness’ for 944 seconds (15.7 minutes, 1% of total active play time), with a combined total of 14,584s across all games (243 mins or 4.05 hours, 17% of active play time). The 15 games delivered an estimated 122.4 billion Guinness-related branded impressions to the UK population, including 758 million to children aged under-16.Conclusions: Alcohol marketing was highly prevalent during the 2019 Guinness Six Nations Championship and is a significant source of exposure to alcohol marketing and advertising for children, likely influencing youth alcohol experimentation and uptake

A content analysis of tobacco content in season 1 of ‘And Just Like That’

Aim‘Sex and the City’ regularly featured smoking as a plot device, often linked with sexuality and female empowerment. Eighteen years later, the follow up ‘And Just Like That’ was released. The aim of this paper was to explore the amount of tobacco content in the first series of ‘And Just Like That’.Subject and methodsA 1-minute content analysis of the 10 episodes from season 1 of ‘And Just Like That’.ResultsThe 10 episodes included 394 one-minute intervals of content, with individual episodes ranging from 35–44 minutes. Tobacco content occurred in 45 intervals (11% of the total) across all 10 episodes.ConclusionThis study demonstrates that, despite the 18-year age gap between the end of the ‘Sex and the City’ TV series and the start of ‘And Just Like That’, and the declining smoking rates during that time, tobacco content is still regularly featured in these programmes. Whilst viewing figures are not available for this series, we know that this was HBO Max’s most streamed show of all time and was highly popular; it is, therefore, likely that large numbers of people were exposed to tobacco content through this programme

Population exposure to smoking and tobacco branding in the UK reality show Love Island'

Background: Reality television shows are popular with children and young adults; inclusion of tobacco imagery in these programmes is likely to cause smoking in these groups. Series 3 of the UK reality show Love Island, broadcast in 2017, attracted widespread media criticism for high levels of smoking depicted. We have quantified this tobacco content and estimated the UK population exposure to generic and branded tobacco imagery generated by the show. Methods: We used 1-minute interval coding to quantify actual or implied tobacco use, tobacco paraphernalia or branding, in alternate episodes of series 3 of Love Island; and Census data and viewing figures from Kantar Media to estimate gross and per capita tobacco impressions. Results: We coded 21 episodes comprising 1001 minutes of content. Tobacco imagery occurred in 204 (20%) intervals; the frequency of appearances fell significantly after media criticism. An identifiable cigarette brand, Lucky Strike Double Click, appeared in 16 intervals. The 21 episodes delivered an estimated 559 million gross tobacco impressions to the UK population, predominantly to women, including 47 million to children aged <16; and 44 million gross impressions of Lucky Strike branding, including 4 million to children <16. Conclusion: Despite advertising legislation and broadcasting regulations intended to protect children from smoking imagery in UK television, series 3 of Love Island delivered millions of general and branded tobacco impressions both to children and adults in the UK. More stringent controls on tobacco content in television programmes are urgently needed

Existence and stability of viscoelastic shock profiles

We investigate existence and stability of viscoelastic shock profiles for a class of planar models including the incompressible shear case studied by Antman and Malek-Madani. We establish that the resulting equations fall into the class of symmetrizable hyperbolic--parabolic systems, hence spectral stability implies linearized and nonlinear stability with sharp rates of decay. The new contributions are treatment of the compressible case, formulation of a rigorous nonlinear stability theory, including verification of stability of small-amplitude Lax shocks, and the systematic incorporation in our investigations of numerical Evans function computations determining stability of large-amplitude and or nonclassical type shock profiles.Comment: 43 pages, 12 figure

The Hilbert-Schmidt Theorem Formulation of the R-Matrix Theory

Using the Hilbert-Schmidt theorem, we reformulate the R-matrix theory in terms of a uniformly and absolutely convergent expansion. Term by term differentiation is possible with this expansion in the neighborhood of the surface. Methods for improving the convergence are discussed when the R-function series is truncated for practical applications.Comment: 16 pages, Late

Detection of covert lesions in focal epilepsy using computational analysis of multimodal magnetic resonance imaging data

Objective: To compare the location of suspect lesions detected by computational analysis of multimodal magnetic resonance imaging data with areas of seizure onset, early propagation, and interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) identified with stereoelectroencephalography (SEEG) in a cohort of patients with medically refractory focal epilepsy and radiologically normal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. Methods: We developed a method of lesion detection using computational analysis of multimodal MRI data in a cohort of 62 control subjects, and 42 patients with focal epilepsy and MRI-visible lesions. We then applied it to detect covert lesions in 27 focal epilepsy patients with radiologically normal MRI scans, comparing our findings with the areas of seizure onset, early propagation, and IEDs identified at SEEG. Results: Seizure-onset zones (SoZs) were identified at SEEG in 18 of the 27 patients (67%) with radiologically normal MRI scans. In 11 of these 18 cases (61%), concordant abnormalities were detected by our method. In the remaining seven cases, either early seizure propagation or IEDs were observed within the abnormalities detected, or there were additional areas of imaging abnormalities found by our method that were not sampled at SEEG. In one of the nine patients (11%) in whom SEEG was inconclusive, an abnormality, which may have been involved in seizures, was identified by our method and was not sampled at SEEG. Significance: Computational analysis of multimodal MRI data revealed covert abnormalities in the majority of patients with refractory focal epilepsy and radiologically normal MRI that co-located with SEEG defined zones of seizure onset. The method could help identify areas that should be targeted with SEEG when considering epilepsy surgery

Glacial controls on redox-sensitive trace element cycling in Arctic fjord sediments (Spitsbergen, Svalbard)

Glacial meltwater is an important source of bioessential trace elements to high latitude oceans. Upon delivery to coastal waters, glacially sourced particulate trace elements are processed during early diagenesis in sediments and may be sequestered or recycled back to the water column depending on local biogeochemical conditions. In the glaciated fjords of Svalbard, large amounts of reactive Fe and Mn (oxyhydr)oxides are delivered to the sediment by glacial discharge, resulting in pronounced Fe and Mn cycling concurrent with microbial sulfate reduction. In order to investigate the diagenetic cycling of selected trace elements (As, Co, Cu, Mo, Ni, and U) in this system, we collected sediment cores from two Svalbard fjords, Van Keulenfjorden and Van Mijenfjorden, in a transect along the head-to-mouth fjord axis and analyzed aqueous and solid phase geochemistry with respect to trace elements, sulfur, and carbon along with sulfate reduction rates. We found that Co and Ni associate with Fe and Mn (oxyhydr)oxides and enter the pore water upon reductive metal oxide dissolution. Copper is enriched in the solid phase where sulfate reduction rates are high, likely due to reactions with H2S and the formation of sulfide minerals. Uranium accumulates in the solid phase likely following reduction by both Fe- and sulfate-reducing bacteria, while Mo adsorbs to Fe and Mn (oxyhydr)oxides in the surface sediment and is removed from the pore water at depth where sulfidization makes it particle-reactive. Arsenic is tightly coupled to Fe redox cycling and its partitioning between solid and dissolved phases is influenced by competition with FeS for adsorption sites on crystalline Fe oxides. Differences in trace element cycling between the two fjords suggest delivery of varying amount and composition of tidewater glacier (Van Keulenfjorden) and meltwater stream (Van Mijenfjorden) material, likely related to oxidative processes occurring in meltwater streams. This processing produces a partially weathered, more reactive sediment that is subject to stronger redox cycling of Fe, Mn, S, and associated trace elements upon delivery to Van Mijenfjorden. With climate warming, the patterns of trace element cycling observed in Van Mijenfjorden may also become more prevalent in other Svalbard fjords as tidewater glaciers retreat into meltwater stream valleys

Shared social identity content is the basis for leaders' mobilization of followers

Objectives There is growing research interest in the social identity approach to leadership in sport. Researchers have examined how leaders’ representation of a shared social identity allows them to motivate group members but has neglected the role that identity content plays in this process. The present research addresses this issue in two experimental studies that examine the effect of sharedness in identity content (i.e., beliefs about what it means to be a member of a group) on leaders’ mobilization of group members. Design A 2 X 2 experimental — between-participant — design, with two shared and two non-shared conditions. Method In Study 1, 160 athletes imagined themselves in one of four sport team scenarios and responded to measures of mobilization (e.g., willingness to invest time on task). In Study 2 (laboratory experiment), we manipulated sharedness and assessed 114 participants’ behavioural mobilization and task performance. Results Study 1 supports the hypothesis that identity content that is shared (rather than non-shared) between leaders and group members increases members’ willingness to invest time on a task. Study 2 replicates these results and also shows that increased effort among group members mediates the relationship between shared identity content and members’ improved task performance. Conclusions The present research is the first to provide evidence that sport leaders’ capacity to mobilize the effort of group members rests upon their ability to build shared identity content