12 research outputs found
Comparative approach to barnacle adhesive-surface interactions
PhD ThesisBarnacles are considered to be one of the major marine fouling organisms. Their
settlement behaviour has been investigated using mainly Balanus amphitrite as a model
organism. To better understand the mechanisms involved during the colonisation of
surfaces by cypris larvae we have investigated another species, B. improvisus, which is
reported to have different surface preferences compared to B. amphitrite. This study
aims to unravel the effects of surface physicochemical cues, in particular surface free
energy (SFE), surface charge and elastic modulus on the settlement of cyprids of both
species. The use of well-defined surfaces under controlled conditions further facilitates
comparison of the results with B. amphitrite. Furthermore, since this phase of presettlement
behaviour is characterised by temporary adhesive (footprint) deposition,
considered to be fundamental to surface exploration and surface discrimination by
cyprids, some of the chemistries used for the settlement assays were used to investigate
temporary adhesive-surface interactions.
Cyprids were exposed to a series of model surfaces, namely self-assembled monolayers
(SAMs) of alkanethiols with varying end-groups, homogenously applied to gold-coated
polystyrene Petri dishes. The settlement response was significantly higher on negatively
charged SAMs and lower on positively charged surfaces, while intermediate settlement
occurred on neutral SAMs. Furthermore, no effects were observed when data were
plotted against surface free energy after 48 hr of exposure. Temporary adhesive on
SAMs was investigated using imaging ellipsometry and atomic force microscopy.
Relatively thick footprints with low wetting were found on positively charged surfaces.
Settlement of both species was also low on these surfaces. Footprints were thinner and
spread more on hydrophobic surfaces. The adhesion force of temporary adhesive
measured with functionalised AFM tips was higher on hydrophobic and negatively
charged surfaces for both species. Furthermore, PDMS-based surfaces were prepared
varying the elastic modulus, keeping constant other parameters, settlement behaviour
and strength of adhesion of juveniles and adults were tested.
We conclude that cyprid settlement behaviour of both species is influenced more by
surface charge than SFE under controlled conditions. The temporary adhesives
(footprints) of the two species had a stronger affinity for hydrophobic surfaces. Contrary
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to previous reports, therefore, the settlement preferences and adhesive secretion of these
two species are similar. Elastic modulus influences settlement, juveniles and adults
removal of both species, although B. improvisus is more sensitive if compared with B.
amphitrite. This finding will be important for understanding the mechanism of surface
selection by cyprids and for the development of future antifouling technologies.Seventh Framework Programme FP7/2007–201
Effects of surface-active block copolymers with oxyethylene and fluoroalkyl side chains on the antifouling performance of silicone-based films
Block copolymers made from a poly(dimethyl siloxane) (Si) and a poly(meth)acrylate carrying oxyethylene (EG) or fluoroalkyl (AF) side chains were synthesized and incorporated as surface-active components into a silicone matrix to produce cross-linked films with different surface hydrophilicity/phobicity. Near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) studies showed that film surfaces containing Si-EG were largely populated by the siloxane, with the oxyethylene chains present only to a minor extent. In contrast, the fluorinated block was selectively segregated to the polymer–air interface in films containing Si-AF as probed by NEXAFS and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses. Such differences in surface composition were reflected in the biological performance of the coatings. While the films with Si-EG showed a higher removal of both Ulva linza sporelings and Balanus amphitrite juveniles than the silicone control, those with Si-AF exhibited excellent antifouling properties, preventing the settlement of cyprids of B. amphitrite
Charged hydrophilic polymer brushes and their relevance for understanding marine biofouling
Charged hydrophilic polymer brushes and their relevance for understanding marine biofouling
The resistance of charged polymers to biofouling was investigated by subjecting cationic (PDMAEMA), anionic (PSPMA), neutral (PHEMA-co-PEG10MA), and zwitterionic (PSBMA) brushes to assays testing protein adsorption; attachment of the marine bacterium Cobetia marina; settlement and adhesion strength of zoospores of the green alga Ulva linza; settlement of barnacle (Balanus amphitrite and B. improvisus) cypris larvae; and field immersion tests. Several results go beyond the expected dependence on direct electrostatic attraction; PSPMA showed good resistance towards attachment of C. marina, low settlement and adhesion of U. linza zoospores, and significantly lower biofouling than on PHEMA-co-PEG10MA or PSBMA after a field test for one week. PDMAEMA showed potential as a contact-active anti-algal coating due to its capacity to damage attached spores. However, after field testing for eight weeks, there were no significant differences in biofouling coverage among the surfaces. While charged polymers are unsuitable as antifouling coatings in the natural environment, they provide valuable insights into fouling processes, and are relevant for studies due to charging of nominally neutral surfaces.Funding agencies:This study has received funding from the European Community's Seventh Framework Program FP7/2007-2013 [ grant agreement number 237997] (SEACOAT). TE acknowledges financial support from the Swedish Government Strategic Research Area in Materials Science on Functional Materials at Linkoping University [Faculty Grant SFO-Mat-LiU #2009-00971].</p
Charged hydrophilic polymer brushes and their relevance for understanding marine biofouling
The resistance of charged polymers to biofouling was investigated by subjecting cationic (PDMAEMA), anionic (PSPMA), neutral (PHEMA-co-PEG10MA), and zwitterionic (PSBMA) brushes to assays testing protein adsorption; attachment of the marine bacterium Cobetia marina; settlement and adhesion strength of zoospores of the green alga Ulva linza; settlement of barnacle (Balanus amphitrite and B. improvisus) cypris larvae; and field immersion tests. Several results go beyond the expected dependence on direct electrostatic attraction; PSPMA showed good resistance towards attachment of C. marina, low settlement and adhesion of U. linza zoospores, and significantly lower biofouling than on PHEMA-co-PEG10MA or PSBMA after a field test for one week. PDMAEMA showed potential as a contact-active anti-algal coating due to its capacity to damage attached spores. However, after field testing for eight weeks, there were no significant differences in biofouling coverage among the surfaces. While charged polymers are unsuitable as antifouling coatings in the natural environment, they provide valuable insights into fouling processes, and are relevant for studies due to charging of nominally neutral surfaces.Funding agencies:This study has received funding from the European Community's Seventh Framework Program FP7/2007-2013 [ grant agreement number 237997] (SEACOAT). TE acknowledges financial support from the Swedish Government Strategic Research Area in Materials Science on Functional Materials at Linkoping University [Faculty Grant SFO-Mat-LiU #2009-00971].</p
The Prevalence of Multiple Sclerosis in the Metropolitan Area of Rome: A Capture-Recapture Analysis
Background: Limited data are available on the prevalence of multiple sclerosis (MS) in central Italy. The objective of this study is to estimate MS prevalence in the metropolitan area of Rome. Methods: We used the capture-recapture method to calculate prevalence estimates in the study area. The selected prevalence day was December 31, 2015. A total of 1,007 patients, with a definite diagnosis of MS according to the revised McDonald\ue2\u80\u99s criteria, were considered for crude, age- and sex-specific prevalence estimation. Results: The overall crude prevalence rate was 146.2 cases per 100,000 (95% CI 119.9\ue2\u80\u93172.5). A higher prevalence rate was recorded in females (194.1, 95% CI 149.6\ue2\u80\u93238.6) than in males (93.0, 95% CI 67.2\ue2\u80\u93118.8) with a female to male ratio of 1.8. Age-specific prevalence peaked in the 25\ue2\u80\u9334 , 35\ue2\u80\u9344 and 45\ue2\u80\u9354 years class; moreover, it was found to increase up to the 45\ue2\u80\u9354 years age group in females and the 35\ue2\u80\u9344 years age group in males, decreasing thereafter. Conclusion: The results confirm that the metropolitan area of Rome is a high-risk area for MS
The Prevalence of Multiple Sclerosis in the Metropolitan Area of Rome: A Capture-Recapture Analysis
Slippery Liquid-Infused Porous Surfaces Showing Marine Antibiofouling Properties
Marine biofouling is a longstanding
problem because of the constant
challenges placed by various fouling species and increasingly restricted
environmental regulations for antifouling coatings. Novel nonbiocidal
strategies to control biofouling will necessitate a multifunctional
approach to coating design. Here we show that slippery liquid-infused
porous surfaces (SLIPSs) provide another possible strategy to obtaining
promising antifouling coatings. Microporous butyl methacrylate–ethylene
dimethacrylate (BMA–EDMA) surfaces are prepared via UV-initiated
free-radical polymerization. Subsequent infusion of fluorocarbon lubricants
(Krytox103, Krytox100, and Fluorinert FC-70) into the porous microtexture
results in liquid-repellent slippery surfaces. To study the interaction
with marine fouling organisms, settlement of zoospores of the alga <i>Ulva linza</i> and cypris larvae of the barnacle <i>Balanus
amphitrite</i> is tested in laboratory assays. BMA–EDMA
surfaces infused with Krytox103 and Krytox100 exhibit remarkable inhibition
of settlement (attachment) of both spores and cyprids to a level comparable
to that of a polyÂ(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-terminated self-assembled
monolayer. In addition, the adhesion strength of sporelings (young
plants) of <i>U. linza</i> is reduced for BMA–EDMA
surfaces infused with Krytox103 and Krytox100 compared to pristine
(noninfused) BMA–EDMA and BMA–EDMA infused with Fluorinert
FC-70. Immersion tests suggest a correlation between the stability
of slippery coatings in artificial seawater and fouling resistance
efficacy. The results indicate great potential for the application
of this concept in fouling-resistant marine coatings